Surface flux and micrometeorological measurements were collected at one site within the northwest quadrant near the center of the FIFE study area during all five of the Intensive Field Campaigns (four in 1987 and one in 1989). This site had historically been ungrazed but had recently been exposed to grazing. The station was capable of measuring the fluxes of net radiation, sensible heat and latent heat using an eddy correlation system. In addition, measurements of soil heat flux and several micrometeorological parameters were made.
Eddy Corr. Surface Flux: UNL (FIFE)
(Eddy Correlation Surface Flux Observations (UNL)).
Surface flux and micrometeorological measurements were collected at one site within the northwest quadrant near the center of the FIFE study area during all five of the Intensive Field Campaigns (four in 1987 and one in 1989).
The combined aim of the surface flux group was to use a network of ground based observing systems to measure fluxes of heat, water vapor and radiation at a number of points within the FIFE study area. The specific objectives were to:
Latent heat flux, net radiation, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, incoming solar radiation, soil temperature, wind speed, air temperature, vapor pressure, frictional velocity, carbon dioxide flux.
Surface flux measurements were made at one site within the FIFE study area. These data were collected in 1987 and 1989. The station was capable of measuring the fluxes of net radiation, sensible heat and latent heat using an eddy correlation system. In addition, measurements of soil heat flux and several micrometeorological parameters were made.
The surface flux and micrometeorological measurements available in this data set were collected during all five of the Intensive Field Campaigns (four in 1987 and one in 1989). During the campaigns measurements were made every day. Between campaigns, data were not collected. These date were collected from a single location (station 16, sitegrid 4439) within the northwest quadrant near the center of the FIFE study area. This site had historically been ungrazed but had recently been exposed to grazing.
SURFACE_FLUX_30MIN_DATA.
Dr. Shashi B. Verma
University of Nebraska
Measurement and Analysis of Latent and Sensible Heat Flux by Eddy Correlation and Aerodynamic Characteristics of Vegetation at the FIFE Test Site.
Contact 1:
Dr. Shashi B. Verma
242 L.W. Chase Hall
Department of Agricultural Meteorology
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583-0728
Tel: (402) 472-3679/6702
Email: verma@pldsg3.gsfc.nasa.gov
The Eddy Correlation Surface Flux Observations (UNL) were collected by Dr. Shashi B. Verma.
Eddy correlation is micrometeorological technique for directly measuring turbulent fluxes in the surface layer of the atmospheric boundary layer. This method involves fewer assumptions than other methods.
The sensible heat flux is computed as the product of the volumetric heat capacity of air and the covariance between vertical wind velocity and air temperature fluctuations. Latent heat flux is calculated as the product of the latent heat of vaporization and the covariance between the vertical wind velocity and humidity fluctuations. An in-depth discussion of this technique and its theoretical basis can be found in Baldocchi et al. 1988, Businger 1986, Kanemasu et al. 1979, and Verma 1990.
Summary of Eddy Correlation System used by UNL:
The eddy correlation instrument array included: a one-dimensional sonic anemometer, a rapid response CO2 sensor with a 0.2 m path length, and a Lyman alpha hygrometer with a 5 mm path length.
Details of instrument description can be found in Kim and Verma 1990a, Kim and Verma 1990b, and Verma 1990.
Ground-based.
The eddy correlation sensors were mounted on a horizontal boom at a height of 2.25 m in 1987 and 2.5 m in 1989, above the ground.
These data were collected to measure fluxes of sensible and latent heat using the eddy correlation technique. Sampling, recording, and near real-time processing of the data were done with a microcomputer.
Latent heat flux, net radiation, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, mean soil temperature, wind speed, mean air temperature, mean vapor pressure, friction velocity, carbon dioxide flux.
Fast-response sensors were used to measure fluctuations of vertical wind speed, air temperature, and concentrations of water vapor and CO2.
Detailed principles of operation can be found in Kaimal 1975, Fritschen and Gay 1979, Buck 1976, Bingham et al. 1978, and Campbell and Unsworth 1979.
Eddy correlation sensors were mounted on a horizontal boom at a height of 2.25m above ground in 1987 and 2.5m above ground in 1989. The "footprint" of the surface sampled extended approximately 200 m upwind, depending on the atmospheric stability, and wind speed and wind direction.
Sonic anemometers:
Fine-wire thermocouple: CO2 sensor: Lyman-alpha Hygrometer: Soil heat transducer: Pyranometer: Net radiometer: Quantum sensor: Psychrometer: Cup anemometer: Data logging system:Not provided by the Principal Investigator.
Not available at this revision.
None.
Signals from the eddy correlation sensors were lowpass filtered with 8-pole Butterworth active filter (12.5 Hz cutoff frequency) and sampled at 20 Hz. These signals were recorded on an IBM PC microcomputer. Data were averaged on a half-hourly basis.
Not available.
Fluxes toward the surface are positive and fluxes away from the surface are negative.
Measurements of mean horizontal wind speed, mean air temperature, and mean vapor pressure were made at 2.25 m above ground in 1987 and at 2.5 m above ground in 1989.
The FIFE study area, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
The data was obtained at the following location within the FIFE study area:
SITEGRID STN LATITUDE LONGITUDE NORTHING EASTING ELEV SLOPE ASPECT -------- --- -------- --------- -------- ------- ---- ----- ------ 4439-ECV 16 39 03 07 -96 32 28 4325215 712794 445 4439-ECV 916 39 03 06 -96 32 28 4325193 712773 443 2 N
This site is located in the northwest quadrant near the center of the study area.
Not available.
These are point data. However, the "footprint" of the surface sampled in 1987 and 1989 extended approximately 200 m upwind, depending on the atmospheric stability, and wind speed and wind direction. Further details can be found in Hicks 1989, Leclerc and Thurtell 1990 and Schuepp et al. 1990.
Not available.
Not available.
The overall time range for these data is May 28, 1987 - August 13, 1989. During that period, data were collected only during the five Intensive Field Campaigns.
IFC1: May 28 - June 6, 1987
IFC2: June 26 - July 11, 1987
IFC3: July 23 - August 21, 1987
IFC4: October 4 - October 15, 1987
IFC5: July 11 - August 13, 1989
There are 68 days of data in this data set.
Not available.
The data values are 30 minute averages. During the five IFC's data were collected almost daily.
The SQL definition for this table is found in the SF_30MIN.TDF file located on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The following chart lists only those variables that are contained in the data set described in this document.
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
SITEGRID_ID This is a FIS grid location code. Site grid codes(SSEE-III) give the south (SS) and the east (EE) cell number in a 100 x 100 array of 200 m square cells. The last 3 characters (III) are an instrument identifier.
STATION_ID The station ID designating the location of the observations.
OBS_DATE The date of the observations, in the format (DD-mmm-YY).
OBS_TIME The time that the observation was [GMT] taken, in GMT. The format is HHMM.
LATENT_HEAT_FLUX The latent heat flux, the flux of [Watts] the energy due to the evaporation [meter^-2] of water.
NET_RADTN The net radiation, including both [Watts] downward and upward energy. [meter^-2]
SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX The sensible heat flux, the flux [Watts] of the energy due to temperature [meter^-2] differences.
SOIL_HEAT_FLUX The surface soil heat flux, the [Watts] flux of energy into the soil. [meter^-2]
SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN The downward (incoming) solar [Watts] radiation. [meter^-2]
PAR_DOWN The downward (incoming) photo- [Watts] synthetically active radiation (PAR). [meter^-2]
SOIL_TEMP_0_TO_25MM The soil temperature recorded [degrees somewhere between 0 and 25 mm in Celsius] depth. This is an average value from 0 to 5 cm, same as in the column SOIL_TEMP_25MM_TO_5CM.
SOIL_TEMP_25MM_TO_5CM The soil temperature recorded [degrees somewhere between 25 mm and 5 cm Celsius] in depth. This is an average value from 0 to 5 cm, same as in the column SOIL_TEMP_0_TO_25MM.
WIND_SPEED The average wind speed in this [meters] 30 minutes. [sec^-1]
AIR_TEMP_MEAN The mean air temperature in [degrees this 30 minutes. Celsius]
VAPOR_PRESS_MEAN The mean vapor pressure in [kiloPascals] this 30 minutes.
FRICTION_VELOC The friction velocity. [meters] [sec^-1]
CO2_FLUX The carbon dioxide flux. [mg] [meter^-2] [sec^-1]
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE The FIFE Certification Code * for the data, in the format: CGR (Certified by Group), CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-??? CPI - questionable data).
LAST_REVISION_DATE data, in the format (DD-MMM-YY).
Footnotes:
* Valid levels
The primary certification codes are:
EXM Example or Test data (not for release) PRE Preliminary (unchecked, use at your own risk) CPI Checked by Principal Investigator (reviewed for quality) CGR Checked by a group and reconciled (data comparisons and cross checks)
The certification code modifiers are:
PRE-NFP Preliminary - Not for publication, at the request of investigator. CPI-MRG PAMS data which is "merged" from two separate receiving stations to eliminate transmission errors. CPI-??? Investigator thinks data item may be questionable.
** There are several missing value indicators in each column. The values may be positive or negative 9.9, 9.99, 99.99, 999, 999.99, 9999 or 99999.99.
The following sample record contains all the fields in the surface flux record but only these fields that are described here (reported by S.B. Verma) contain data.
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME LATENT_HEAT_FLUX ----------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------------- 4439-ECV 16 17-AUG-87 1645 -355 4439-ECV 16 17-AUG-87 1715 -310 4439-ECV 16 17-AUG-87 1745 -368 4439-ECV 16 17-AUG-87 1815 -392 NET_RADTN SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX SOIL_HEAT_FLUX DIFFUSE_SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN --------- ------------------ -------------- ------------------------ 526 -151 -50 557 -110 -55 578 -121 -56 588 -113 -53 SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN SOLAR_RADTN_UP SOLAR_RADTN_NET SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN_SDEV ---------------- -------------- --------------- --------------------- 827 875 901 917 SOLAR_RADTN_UP_SDEV PAR_DOWN PAR_UP SURF_ALBEDO ------------------- ---------- --------- ----------- 1739 1823 1875 1902 LONGWAVE_RADTN_DOWN LONGWAVE_RADTN_UP LONGWAVE_RADTN_NET ------------------- ----------------- ------------------ BB_TEMP_LONGWAVE_DOWN BB_TEMP_LONGWAVE_UP TOTAL_RADTN_DOWN --------------------- ------------------- ---------------- TOTAL_RADTN_UP SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_0_TO_5CM SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_5_TO_10CM -------------- ----------------------- ------------------------ SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_10_TO_20CM HEAT_STORAGE SOIL_WATER_POTNTL_0_TO_5CM ------------------------- ------------ -------------------------- SOIL_WATER_POTNTL_5_TO_20CM SURF_RADIANT_TEMP SURF_RADIANT_TEMP_SDEV --------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------- SOIL_TEMP_0_TO_25MM SOIL_TEMP_25MM_TO_5CM SOIL_TEMP_5_TO_10CM ------------------- --------------------- ------------------- 25.2 25.2 25.7 25.7 26.2 26.2 26.7 26.7 SOIL_TEMP_10_TO_20CM SOIL_TEMP_20_TO_50CM RAINFALL BOWEN_RATIO -------------------- -------------------- ---------- ----------- WIND_SPEED WIND_DIR WIND_SPEED_MIN WIND_SPEED_MAX WIND_SPEED_SDEV ---------- ---------- -------------- -------------- --------------- 2.4 2.3 2.3 3.1 WIND_DIR_SDEV TIME_WIND_SPEED_MIN TIME_WIND_SPEED_MAX ------------- ------------------- ------------------- TIME_WIND_DIR_MIN TIME_WIND_DIR_MAX WIND_SPEED_HOR_MEAN ----------------- ----------------- ------------------- WIND_SPEED_LAT_MEAN WIND_SPEED_VERT_MEAN WIND_SPEED_HOR_SDEV ------------------- -------------------- ------------------- WIND_SPEED_LAT_SDEV WIND_SPEED_VERT_SDEV AIR_TEMP_LOW AIR_TEMP_HIGH ------------------- -------------------- ------------ ------------- AIR_TEMP_OTHER AIR_TEMP_MEAN AIR_TEMP_MEAN_SDEV AIR_TEMP_OTHER_SDEV -------------- ------------- ------------------ ------------------- 29.9 30.6 30.7 31.1 DELTA_TEMP WET_BULB_TEMP_LOW WET_BULB_TEMP_HIGH VAPOR_PRESS_LOW ---------- ----------------- ------------------ --------------- VAPOR_PRESS_HIGH VAPOR_PRESS_MEAN VAPOR_PRESS_SDEV REL_HUMID_LOW ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------- 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.8 REL_HUMID_HIGH REL_HUMID_SDEV SURF_AIR_PRESS FRICTION_VELOC -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- W_T_MEAN W_E_MEAN CO2_CONTENT OZONE_CONTENT CO2_CONTENT_SDEV ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------- ---------------- OZONE_CONTENT_SDEV CO2_FLUX OZONE_FLUX FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE ------------------ ---------- ---------- --------------------- -9999 CPI .55 CPI .5 CPI .47 CPI LAST_REVISION_DATE ------------------ 27-OCT-93 27-OCT-93 27-OCT-93 27-OCT-93
These are point data. The data values are 30 minute averages. During the five IFC's data were collected almost daily.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begin with five header records. Header records contain the following information:
Record 1 Name of this file, its table name, number of records in this file, and principal investigator name.
Record 2 Path and filename of the previous data set, and path and filename of the next data set. (Path and filenames for files that contain another set of data taken at the same site on the same day.)
Record 3 Path and filename of the previous site, and path and filename of the next site. Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken on the same day for the previous and next sites, sequentially numbered by SITEGRID.)
Record 4 Path and filename of the previous date, and path and filename of the next date. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken at the same site for the previous and next date.)
Record 5 Column names for the data within the file, delimited by commas.
Record 6 Data records begin.
Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in the Data Characteristics Section and described in detail in the TDF file. These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
The eddy correlation method provides a relatively direct means of measuring fluxes, without the need for assumptions regarding diffusivities and without making assumption about the nature of the surface cover (Verma,1990). The vertical flux of a transported entity at a point is obtained by correlating the fluctuations in the concentration of that entity with the fluctuations in the vertical wind speed. For example, the fluxes of sensible heat (H), latent heat (Lambda (E)) and carbon dioxide flux (F (c)) over horizontally homogeneous surface under "steady-state" conditions are given by:
where:The overbars indicate time averages, and the primes denote deviations from the mean. Fluxes to the surface are positive and fluxes away from the surface are negative in sign.
Means, variances, and covariances were computed on a real time basis in the field. These calculations were updated later to incorporate sensor calibrations. For further details, see Verma (1990).
None.
Computational adjustments were made to compensate for spatial separation of sensors and limited frequency responses of sensors (Moore 1986). In addition, corrections were also applied to account for the variation in air density due to simultaneous transfers of latent and sensible heat fluxes (Webb et al. 1980).
Fluxes of sensible heat (H), latent heat (Lambda (E)) and carbon dioxide flux.
None.
Not provided by Principal Investigator.
It was recognized early in the study that standardization of "constants" (e.g., physical constants of the air, psychrometric constant, etc.), methods of computation, integration and reporting time, etc. were necessary. These were agreed upon in planning sessions. Preliminary data sets were compared among stations and instruments from different manufacturers for estimating net radiation, soil heat flux, water vapor density, temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed, it was necessary to have confidence that differences in observations were due to site differences and not due to instrumentation.
The Hydrological Sciences Branch at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center was given the responsibility to compare flux data from all flux stations. This served two purposes: 1) as a data quality check, and 2) as a preliminary analysis of site differences.
The following are the best estimates of accuracy for a single flux estimate:
None of these estimates addresses the variability of flux estimates from site-to-site.
No quantitative assessment was made, see the Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment Section.
Several of the key surface flux parameters have undergone extensive intercomparison and examination for spikes in the data. Details of these analyses are described in the Surface Flux Baseline 1992 document on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1.
FIS staff applied a general Quality Assessment (QA) procedure to some of the fields in this data set to identify inconsistencies and problems for potential users. As a general procedure, the FIS QA consisted of examining the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for numerical field. An attempt was made to find an explanation for unexpected high or low values, values outside of the normal physical range for a variable, or standard deviations that appeared inconsistent with the mean. In some cases, histograms were examined to determine whether outliers were consistent with the shape of the data distribution.
The discrepancies which were identified are reported as problems in the Known Problems with the Data Section.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below.
The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its online data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps:
Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process.
Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows:
As errors are discovered in the online tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
Different missing value indicators are used within each column. They can be positive or negative 9.9, 9.99, 99.99, 999.99, 9999 or 99999.99.
The missing value indicators in the following field may have been inadvertently converted to 1000. Use these data with caution.
Name Name
------------------------ ---------------------
DIFFUSE_SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN TOTAL_RADTN_DOWN
SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN TOTAL_RADTN_UP
SOLAR_RADTN_UP HEAT_STORAGE
SOLAR_RADTN_NET RAINFALL
SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN_SDEV WIND_DIR_MIN
SOLAR_RADTN_UP_SDEV WIND_DIR_MAX
LONGWAVE_RADTN_DOWN CO2_CONTENT
LONGWAVE_RADTN_UP O3_CONTENT
LONGWAVE_RADTN_NET CO2_STDEV
BB_TEMP_LONGWAVE_DOWN O3_STDEV
BB_TEMP_LONGWAVE_UP
Caution should be exercised when using flux data near dawn and dusk since these are periods of unsteady conditions. In addition, nighttime data should be used with caution.
Not available at this revision.
This data set can be used to estimate the aerodynamic characteristics (e.g., roughness parameter, zero plane displacement, and the drag coefficient) of the prairie vegetation at various stages of growth and to develop functional relationships between these parameters and vegetation height.
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
FIFE data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
Eddy Correlation Surface Flux Observations (UNL) data are available on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The CD-ROM filename is as follows:
\DATA\SUR_FLUX\30_MIN\GRIDxxxx\YyyMmm\ydddgrid.ECV or \DATA\SUR_FLUX\30_MIN\GRIDxxxx\Yyyyy\ydddgrid.ECV
Where xxxx is the four digit code for the location within the FIFE site grid, yy is the last two digits of the year (e.g., Y87 = 1987), yyyy is the four digits of the century and year (e.g., Y1987 = 1987), mm is the month of the year (e.g., M12 = December), and ddd is the day of the year, (e.g., 061 = sixty-first day in the year). Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that change for each path and file.
The format used for the filenames is: ydddgrid.sfx, where grid is the four-number code for the location within the FIFE site grid, y is the last digit of the year (e.g., 7 = 1987, and 9 = 1989), and ddd is the day of the year. The filename extension (.sfx), identifies the data set content for the file (see the Data Characteristics Section) and is equal to .ECV for this data set.
Baldocchi, D.D., B.B. Hicks, and T.P. Meyers. 1988. Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods. Ecology 69:1331-1340.
Bingham, G.E., C.H. Gillespie and J.H. McQuaid. 1978. Development of a miniature, rapid response CO2 sensor. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Rept. UCRL-52440.
Buck, A. 1976. The variable path Lyman-alpha hygrometer and its operating characteristics. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 57:1113-1118.
Businger, J.A. 1986. Evaluation of the accuracy with which dry deposition can be measured with current micrometeorological techniques. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 25:1100-1124.
Campbell, G.S. and M.H. Unsworth. 1979. An inexpensive sonic anemometer for eddy correlation. J. Appl. Meteorol. 18:1072-1077.
Fritschen, L.J., and J.R. Simpson. 1989. Surface energy and radiation balance systems: General description and improvements. J. Appl. Meteorol. 28:680-686.
Field, R.T., L.J. Fritschen, E.T. Kanemasu, W.P. Kustas, E.A. Smith, J.B. Stewart, and S.B. Verma. 1992. Calibration, comparison and correction of net radiometer instruments used during FIFE. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,681-18,696.
Fritschen, L.J. and L.W. Gay. 1979. Environmental Instrumentation. Springer-Verlag. New York. 216 pp.
Hicks. B.B. 1989. Regional extrapolation: vegetation/atmosphere approach. In: M. O. Andreae and D. S. Schimel (eds.). Exchange of Trace Gases Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere, the Dahlem Workshop on February 19-24, 1989. Berlin, FRG.
Kaimal, J.C. 1975. Sensor and techniques for direct measurement of turbulent fluxes and profiles in the atmospheric surface layer. Atmospheric Technology. NCAR. pp 7-23.
Kanemasu, E.T., M.L. Wesely, B.B. Hicks and J.L. Heilman. 1979. Techniques for calculating energy and mass fluxes. In: Modification of the Aerial Environment of Crops. B.L. Barfield and J.F. Gerber. (eds.), Amer. Soc. of Agri. Eng. St. Joseph, MI. p. 156-182.
Leclerc, M.Y. and G.W Thurtell. 1990. Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes using a Markovian analysis. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 52:247-258.
Schuepp, P. H., Leclerc, M. Y., MacPherson, J. I., and Desjardins, R. L. 1990. Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 50: 355-373.
Verma, S.B. 1990. Micrometeorological methods for measuring surface fluxes of mass and energy. Remote Sensing Reviews. 5:99-115.
Wesely, M.L., D.H. Lenschow, and O.T. Denmead. 1989. Flux measurement techniques. In: Global Tropospheric Chemistry-Chemical Fluxes in the Global Atmosphere. pp. 31-46. National Center for Atmospheric Research. Boulder, CO. 107 pp.
Fritschen, L.J.,P. Qian, E.T. Kanemasu, D. Nie, E.A. Smith, J.B. Stewart, S.B. Verma and M.L. Wesely. 1992. Comparison of surface flux measurement systems used in 1989. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,697-18,714.
Kim, J. and S.B. Verma. 1990a. Components of surface energy balance in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 51:401-417.
Kim, J. and S.B. Verma. 1990b. Carbon dioxide exchange in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 52: 135-149.
Kim, J. and S.B. Verma.. 1991a. Modeling canopy stomatal conductance in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Agric. & Forest Meteorol. 55:149-166
Kim, J. and S.B. Verma. 1991b. Modeling canopy photosynthesis: scaling up from a leaf to canopy in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Agric. & Forest Meteorol. 57: 187-208.
Kim, J., S.B. Verma, R.J. and Clement. 1992. Carbon dioxide budget in a temperate grassland ecosystem. J. Geophys. Res. 97: 6057-6063.
Moncrieff, J.B., Verma, S.B. and Cook, D.R. 1992. Intercomparison of eddy correlation carbon dioxide sensors during FIFE-1989. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,725-18,731.
Moore. 1986. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 37:17-35.
Nie, D., E.T. Kanemasu, L.J. Fritschen, H.L. Weaver, E.A. Smith, S.B. Verma, R.T. Field, W.P. Kustas, B. Stewart. 1992. An intercomparison of surface energy flux measurement systems used during FIFE. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,715-18,724.
Norman, J.M., R. Garcia, and S.B. Verma. 1992. Soil surface CO2 fluxes and the carbon budget of a grassland. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,845-18,855.
Smith, E.A., A.Y. Hsu, W.L. Crosson, R.T. Field, L.J. Fritschen, R.J. Gurney, E.T. Kanemasu, W.P. Kustas, D. Nie, W.J. Shuttleworth, J.B. Stewart, S.B. Verma, H.L. Weaver, and M.L. Wesely. 1992. Area averaged surface fluxes and their time-space variability over the FIFE experimental domain. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,599-18,622.
Stewart, J.B. and S.B. Verma. 1992. Comparison of surface fluxes and conductance at two contrasting sites within the FIFE area. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,623-18,628.
Verma, S.B., J. Kim and R.J. Clement. 1992. Momentum, water vapor, and carbon dioxide exchange at a centrally located prairie site during FIFE. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,629-18,639.
Webb, E.K., G.L. Pearman, and R.L. Leuning. 1980. Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapor transfer. Quart. J. Roy. Meterol. Soc. 106: 85-100.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or online access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at Glossary.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
April 28, 1994 (citation revised on October 15, 2002).
This document has been reviewed by the FIFE Information Scientist to eliminate technical and editorial inaccuracies. Previous versions of this document have been reviewed by the Principal Investigator, the person who transmitted the data to FIS, a FIS staff member, or a FIFE scientist generally familiar with the data. It is believed that the document accurately describes the data as collected and archived on the FIFE CD-ROM series.
October 25, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_SF30_ECV.
Verma, S. B. 1994. Eddy Corr[elation]. Surface Flux: UNL (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/33. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.), Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).