The Bowen Ratio Surface Flux Observations (USGS) Data Set contains surface flux and micrometeorological collected from one location within the Northwest quadrant of the FIFE study area. Data were collected daily at this location only during the IFC's during the period from late May through mid-October, 1987. Each Bowen ratio station was capable of measuring the fluxes of net radiation, sensible heat, and latent heat. The Bowen ratio stations measured the soil heat flux as well.
Bowen Ratio Surface Flux: USGS (FIFE).
(Bowen Ratio Surface Flux Observations (USGS)).
The Bowen Ratio Surface Flux Observations (USGS) Data Set contains surface flux and micrometeorological collected from one location within the Northwest quadrant of the FIFE study area.
The combined aim of the surface flux group was to use a network of ground based observing systems to measure fluxes of heat, water vapor and radiation at a number of points within the FIFE study area.
Latent heat flux, net radiation, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, heat storage, soil temperature, Bowen ratio, air temperature, wet bulb temperature, vapor pressure.
The major data collection effort was conducted in 1987 when 16 stationary sites were equipped with Bowen ratio equipment. In 1988 and 1989, Bowen ratio surface flux stations were installed at 12 and 19 sites, respectively. Each Bowen ratio station was capable of measuring the fluxes of net radiation, sensible heat, and latent heat. The Bowen ratio stations measured the soil heat flux as well.
The surface flux and micrometeorological measurements available in this data set were collected from one location (Sitegrid_ID = 6912) within the Northwest quadrant of the FIFE study area. Data were collected daily at this location only during the IFC's during the period from late May through mid-October, 1987.
SURFACE_FLUX_30MIN_DATA.
Dr. Harold L. Weaver
Surface flux measurement and analysis at the FIFE site.
Contact 1:
Dr. Harold L. Weaver
Baker City, OR
Telephone: (503) 893-6467
Contact 2:
David I. Stannard
U.S. Geological Survey
Denver, CO
Telephone: (303) 236-4983
The Bowen Ratio Surface Flux Observations (USGS) at site 6912-BRW were collected by L. Weaver and D.I. Stannard, both at the USGS Water Resources Division in Denver, Colorado. The contribution of these data is particularly appreciated.
At site 24 (6912-BRW) the components of the energy balance were determined with the Bowen Ratio Energy Balance (BREB) method. The BREB is a combination of the transport and the energy balance equations. The Bowen ratio, B {a ratio of the transport or gradient equations of sensible heat, H, and latent heat, E} is given by:
where: where symbols are defined as:Substituting (1) in the energy balance equation (2) yields the BREB (3). Q is net radiation and G is soil heat flux density.
In this system surface-air interface is considered as a closed system. Any energy flux coming in is considered positive and going out as negative (Personal communication, Dr. Harold Weaver).
The Bowen ratio equation can also be written as (personal communication, Dr. Harold Weaver): Where:
For more information on the instrumentation used to collect these data see Stannard 1985, and Weaver and Campbell 1985.
Ground-based.
Ground: instruments supported by combinations of tripods and vertical and horizontal pipe supports. Heights above the ground varied from .7 m to 2.0 meters depending upon the campaign and the arm making the measurement. See the Field Notes Section for details.
Not available.
Latent heat flux, net radiation, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, heat storage, soil temperature, Bowen ratio, air temperature, wet bulb temperature, vapor pressure.
Gradients of vapor pressure and air temperature were measured by two wet-bulb psychrometers, one above the other. To reduce the effects of instrument bias they were mounted on a 1-m arm that interchanged their positions every 5 minutes. Comparison with KSU's roving Bowen-ratio system indicated that the temperatures measured by the Delta-T psychrometers were somewhat elevated, probably due to a design susceptible to radiation loading. This had an insignificant effect on the calculated BETA; thus the uncorrected temperatures were used to calculate BETA, and are reported here.
Instrument and Vegetation heights by IFC:
where:
Soil heat transducer:
Soil thermocouples:
Net radiometer:
Psychrometer:
Bowen-ratio machine:
Data logging system:
A net radiometer calibration was accomplished using a transfer pyheliometer standard on loan from the Solar Energy Research Institute.
Soil heat transducers last calibrated in 1986 by USDA Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona.
Several of the radiometers were calibrated by the shading technique and compared over the succeeding 24 hour period using data collected every 5 minutes.
Not available at this revision.
Varies according to sensor. About every two years for net radiometers (shortwave), and soil heat transducers. Less often for other classes of sensor.
Soil heat flux plates were calibrated in several laboratories under different conditions.
Soil heat transducers were last calibrated in 1986 by P.J. Pinter, USDA Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona.
Net radiometer (shortwave) calibration checked against pyranometer by shading method.
Net radiometer calibration was supplied by the manufacturer.
Soil heat transducer calibration was performed by the investigator (Weaver and Campbell 1985).
The data were acquired with Campbell 21x data loggers and transferred to cassette tapes. A single computer program used 21x data as input to output the data files on this disc. All quality controls and algorithms are formal and explicit in the processing programs, written in Pascal.
Not available.
Site 24 (6912-BRW) had a Bowen-ratio system set up on a level pasture within PAM 19's enclosure. The PAM was to the N and NE of the site and quite close: 3 to 15 m away. When the PAM was upwind it may have affected measurements appreciably. The pasture also sloped away to the N about 60 m N of the site. A hill to the SSW caused a grade break about 150 m in that direction. An E-W gravel road ran about 60 m S of the site. The vegetation here was quite different from most of the other surface-flux sites. There was less grass and more forbs. Among the latter, ragweed and Psoralea were common. After rainy weather shallow pools of water remained on the surface for many days to the S between the site and the road.
Some reported soil-temperatures during and immediately following rain events may have been affected by preferential flow of rainwater along the temperature-sensor leads.
Instrument and Vegetation heights by IFC:
The FIFE study area, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
These data were collected at the following locations:
GRID_ID STATION_ID LATITUDE LONGITUDE NORTHING EASTING ELEV ------- ---------- -------- --------- -------- ------- ----- 6912-BRW 24 39 00 26 -96 36 20 4320111 707336 397
Not available.
These are point data except that the Bowen ratio flux instruments effectively sample fluxes from an area about 100 meters upwind of the sensors.
Not available.
Not available.
Surface flux data were collected on 63 days from May 26, 1987 through October 17, 1987.
Not available.
These data are 30 minute averages of the measured values. The data were collected at 10 minute reporting intervals.
Measurements are daily during each of the 4 IFC's: May 27 - June 7, June 24 - July 12, August 5 - August 21, and October 4 - October 17, 1987. There are no measurements between these periods.
The SQL table definition for this data table is found in the SF_30MIN. TDF file located on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The following chart lists only those variables that are contained in the data set described here.
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
SITEGRID_ID This is a FIS grid location code. Site grid codes (SSEE-III) give the south (SS) and the east (EE) cell number in a 100 x 100 array of 200 m square cells. The last 3 characters (III) are an instrument identifier.
STATION_ID The station ID designating the location of the observations.
OBS_DATE The date of the observations, in the format (DD-mmm-YY).
OBS_TIME The time that the observation was [GMT] taken, in GMT. The format is HHMM.
LATENT_HEAT_FLUX The latent heat flux, the flux of [Watts] the energy due to the evaporation [meter^-2] of water.
NET_RADTN The net radiation, including both [Watts] downward and upward energy. [meter^-2]
SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX The sensible heat flux, the flux [Watts] of the energy due to temperature [meter^-2] differences.
SOIL_HEAT_FLUX The surface soil heat flux, the [Watts] flux of energy into the soil. [meter^-2]
SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN The downward (incoming) solar [Watts] radiation. [meter^-2]
SOLAR_RADTN_UP The upward (outgoing) solar [Watts] radiation. [meter^-2]
SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_0_TO_5CM The soil heat flux recorded [Watts] somewhere between 0 and 5 cm [meter^-2] in depth. This is an average from 0 to 5 cm.
HEAT_STORAGE The heat storage in the top [Watts] soil layer. [meter^-2]
SOIL_TEMP_0_TO_25MM The soil temperature recorded [degrees somewhere between 0 and 25 mm in Celsius] depth. Recorded at 25 mm.
SOIL_TEMP_5_TO_10CM The soil temperature recorded [degrees somewhere between 5 and 10 cm in Celsius] depth. Recorded at 10 cm.
SOIL_TEMP_20_TO_50CM The soil temperature recorded [degrees somewhere between 20 and 50 cm in Celsius] depth. Recorded at 50 cm.
BOWEN_RATIO The Bowen Ratio, the ratio of the SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX to the LATENT_HEAT_FLUX.
WIND_SPEED The average wind speed in this [meters] 30 minutes. [sec^-1]
WIND_DIR The average wind direction in this [degrees 30 minutes. from North]
WIND_SPEED_VERT_SDEV The standard deviation for the [meters] vertical wind speed. [sec^-1]
AIR_TEMP_MEAN The mean air temperature in this [degrees 30 minutes. Celsius]
AIR_TEMP_MEAN_SDEV The standard deviation for [degrees the mean air temperature. Celsius]
VAPOR_PRESS_MEAN The mean vapor pressure in this [kiloPascals] 30 minutes.
VAPOR_PRESS_SDEV The standard deviation for the [kiloPascals] vapor pressure.
FRICTION_VELOC The friction velocity. [meters] [sec^-1]
W_T_MEAN The mean of AIR_TEMP_MEAN x [Watts] WIND_VELOC_VERT_MEAN in this [meter^-2] 30 minutes.
W_E_MEAN The mean of VAPOR_PRESS_MEAN x [Watts] WIND_VELOC_VERT_MEAN in this 30 [meter^-2] minutes.
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE The FIFE Certification Code for * the data, in the format: CGR (Certified by Group), CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-??? (CPI - questionable data).
LAST_REVISION_DATE in the format (DD-MMM-YY).
Footnotes:
* Valid levels
The primary certification codes are:
EXM Example or Test data (not for release) PRE Preliminary (unchecked, use at your own risk) CPI Checked by Principal Investigator (reviewed for quality) CGR Checked by a group and reconciled (data comparisons and cross checks)
The certification code modifiers are:
PRE-NFP Preliminary - Not for publication, at the request of investigator. CPI-MRG PAMS data that is "merged" from two separate receiving stations to eliminate transmission errors. CPI-??? Investigator thinks data item may be questionable.
** There are several missing value indicators in each column. The values can be positive or negative 9.9, 9.99, 99.99, 999, 999.99, 9999, or 99999.99.
The following sample record contains all the fields in the surface flux record but only those fields that are described here (i.e., reported by H.L. Weaver) contain data.
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME LATENT_HEAT_FLUX ----------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------------- 6912-BRW 24 28-MAY-87 1215 -26 6912-BRW 24 28-MAY-87 1245 -68 6912-BRW 24 28-MAY-87 1315 -119 6912-BRW 24 28-MAY-87 1345 -151 NET_RADTN SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX SOIL_HEAT_FLUX DIFFUSE_SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN --------- ------------------ -------------- ------------------------ 14 7 4 78 1 -11 189 -33 -38 232 -40 -42 SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN SOLAR_RADTN_UP SOLAR_RADTN_NET SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN_SDEV ---------------- -------------- --------------- --------------------- SOLAR_RADTN_UP_SDEV PAR_DOWN PAR_UP SURF_ALBEDO ------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- LONGWAVE_RADTN_DOWN LONGWAVE_RADTN_UP LONGWAVE_RADTN_NET ------------------- ----------------- ------------------ BB_TEMP_LONGWAVE_DOWN BB_TEMP_LONGWAVE_UP TOTAL_RADTN_DOWN --------------------- ------------------- ---------------- TOTAL_RADTN_UP SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_0_TO_5CM SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_5_TO_10CM -------------- ----------------------- ------------------------ 15 11 3 -9 SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_10_TO_20CM HEAT_STORAGE SOIL_WATER_POTNTL_0_TO_5CM ------------------------- ------------ -------------------------- -11 -22 -41 -33 SOIL_WATER_POTNTL_5_TO_20CM SURF_RADIANT_TEMP SURF_RADIANT_TEMP_SDEV --------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------- SOIL_TEMP_0_TO_25MM SOIL_TEMP_25MM_TO_5CM SOIL_TEMP_5_TO_10CM ------------------- --------------------- -------------------- 17.6 17.67 17.84 17.65 18.28 17.63 18.78 17.66 SOIL_TEMP_10_TO_20CM SOIL_TEMP_20_TO_50CM RAINFALL BOWEN_RATIO -------------------- -------------------- ---------- ----------- 18.47 -.27 18.46 -.01 18.4 .27 18.35 .26 WIND_SPEED WIND_DIR WIND_SPEED_MIN WIND_SPEED_MAX WIND_SPEED_SDEV ---------- ---------- -------------- -------------- --------------- WIND_DIR_SDEV TIME_WIND_SPEED_MIN TIME_WIND_SPEED_MAX ------------- ------------------- ------------------- TIME_WIND_DIR_MIN TIME_WIND_DIR_MAX WIND_SPEED_HOR_MEAN ----------------- ----------------- ------------------- WIND_SPEED_LAT_MEAN WIND_SPEED_VERT_MEAN WIND_SPEED_HOR_SDEV ------------------- -------------------- ------------------- WIND_SPEED_LAT_SDEV WIND_SPEED_VERT_SDEV AIR_TEMP_LOW AIR_TEMP_HIGH ------------------- -------------------- ------------ ------------- 16.63 16.68 17.43 17.44 18.96 18.85 19.96 19.84 AIR_TEMP_OTHER AIR_TEMP_MEAN AIR_TEMP_MEAN_SDEV AIR_TEMP_OTHER_SDEV -------------- ------------- ------------------ ------------------- DELTA_TEMP WET_BULB_TEMP_LOW WET_BULB_TEMP_HIGH VAPOR_PRESS_LOW ---------- ----------------- ------------------ --------------- .05 15.13 15.08 1.622 0 15.55 15.47 1.646 -.1 16.35 16.19 1.692 -.12 16.7 16.5 1.691 VAPOR_PRESS_HIGH VAPOR_PRESS_MEAN VAPOR_PRESS_SDEV REL_HUMID_LOW ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------- 1.61 1.631 1.668 1.662 REL_HUMID_HIGH REL_HUMID_SDEV SURF_AIR_PRESS FRICTION_VELOC -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- W_T_MEAN W_E_MEAN CO2_CONTENT OZONE_CONTENT CO2_CONTENT_SDEV ---------- ---------- ----------- ------------- ---------------- OZONE_CONTENT_SDEV CO2_FLUX OZONE_FLUX FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE ------------------ ---------- ---------- --------------------- CPI CPI CPI CPI LAST_REVISION_DATE ------------------ 13-OCT-88 13-OCT-88 13-OCT-88 13-OCT-88
These are point data except that the Bowen ratio flux instruments effectively sample fluxes from an area about 100 meters upwind of the sensors. These data are 30 minute averages of the measured values. The data were collected at 10 minute reporting intervals.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begin with five header records. Header records contain the following information:
Record 1 Name of this file, its table name, number of records in this file, and principal investigator name.
Record 2 Path and filename of the previous data set, and path and filename of the next data set. (Path and filenames for files that contain another set of data taken at the same site on the same day.)
Record 3 Path and filename of the previous site, and path and filename of the next site. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken on the same day for the previous and next sites, sequentially numbered by SITEGRID.)
Record 4 Path and filename of the previous date, and path and filename of the next date. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken at the same site for the previous and next date.)
Record 5 Column names for the data within the file, delimited by commas.
Record 6 Data records begin.
Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in the Data Characteristics Section and described in detail in the TDF file. These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
See the Theory of Measurements Section.
Bowen Ratio, BETA was calculated as:
where:All data are derived from a combination of raw field data, "constants" approved by the FIFE surface flux group, and instrument calibrations. Each ten minute data set was tested for three conditions:
The thirty minute averages of H, LE and Beta reported are calculated from averages of the ten minute gradients of air temperature and vapor pressure.
Symbol definitions:
None.
Net radiometer Swissteco #7377 radiation values increased 2.5% per FIFE Surface Flux Group radiometer comparisons/calibrations.
None.
The delta-T psychrometer design is a known source of error. See the Known Problems with the Data Section for a detailed description.
It was recognized early in the study that standardization's of "constant" (e.g., physical constants of the air, psychrometric constant, etc.), methods of computation, integration and reporting time, etc. were necessary. These were agreed upon in planning sessions. Preliminary data sets were compared among stations and instruments from different manufacturers for estimating net radiation, soil heat flux, water vapor density, temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed, it was necessary to have confidence that differences in observations were due to site differences and not due to instrumentation.
Spot checks of the raw data were performed daily. The data were scanned into the data-logger memory and hand recorded in the field notes several times each day. Data values were qualitatively assessed for accuracy against previous data from the site and from other USGS surface flux sites.
The Hydrological Sciences Branch at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center was given the responsibility to compare flux data from all flux stations. This served two purposes: 1) as a data quality check, and 2) as a preliminary analysis of site differences.
The following are the best estimates of accuracy for a single flux estimate:
None of these estimates address the variability of flux estimates from site-to-site.
Not available at this revision.
Several of the key surface flux parameters have undergone extensive intercomparison and examination for spikes in the data. The data have also been checked for an imbalance in the energy equation. Details of these analyses are described in the Surface Flux Baseline 1992 document on FIFE CD-ROM Volume.
FIS staff applied a general QA procedure to some of the fields, in this data set to identify inconsistencies and problems for potential users. As a general procedure, the FIS QA consisted of examining the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for a numerical field. Inconsistencies and problems found in the QA check are described is the Known Problems with the Data Section.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below.
The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its online data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps:
Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process.
Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows:
As errors are discovered in the online tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
Delta-T psychrometers were inadequately shielded, resulting in elevated temperature measurements on sunny days. Dry-bulb temperatures usually were in greater error than wet-bulb temperatures. Effects of these errors on gradient estimates, hence on Bowen ratio and flux estimates, were small. See Dave Stannard for suggested corrections to the air temperature and humidity values.
Different missing values are used within each column. They can be positive or negative 9.9, 9.99, 99.99, 999.99, 9999, or 99999.99.
The missing value indicator in the following fields may have been inadvertently converted to 1000. Use these data with caution.
Name Name
------------------------ ---------------------
DIFFUSE_SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN TOTAL_RADTN_DOWN
SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN TOTAL_RADTN_UP
SOLAR_RADTN_UP HEAT_STORAGE
SOLAR_RADTN_NET RAINFALL
SOLAR_RADTN_DOWN_SDEV WIND_DIR_MIN
SOLAR_RADTN_UP_SDEV WIND_DIR_MAX
LONGWAVE_RADTN_DOWN CO2_CONTENT
LONGWAVE_RADTN_UP O3_CONTENT
LONGWAVE_RADTN_NET CO2_STDEV
BB_TEMP_LONGWAVE_DOWN O3_STDEV
BB_TEMP_LONGWAVE_UP
None.
None.
Not available.
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
FIFE data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
Bowen Ratio Surface Flux Observations (USGS) data are available on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The CD-ROM filename is as follows:
\DATA\SUR_FLUX\30_MIN\GRIDxxxx\YyyMmm\ydddgrid.BRW or \DATA\SUR_FLUX\30_MIN\GRIDxxxx\Yyyyy\ydddgrid.BRW
Where xxxx is the four digit code for the location within the FIFE site grid, yy is the last two digits of the year (e.g., Y87 = 1987), yyyy is the four digits of the century and year (e.g., Y1987 = 1987), mm is the month of the year (e.g., M12 = December), and ddd is the day of the year, (e.g., 061 = sixty-first day in the year). Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that change for each path and file.
The format used for the filenames is: ydddgrid.sfx, where grid is the four-number code for the location within the FIFE site grid, y is the last digit of the year (e.g., 7 = 1987, and 9 = 1989), and ddd is the day of the year. The filename extension (.sfx), identifies the data set content for the file (see the Data Characteristics Section) and is equal to .BRW for this data set.
Field, R.T., L.J. Fritschen, E.T. Kanemasu, E.A. Smith, J.B. Stewart, S.B. Verma and W.P. Kustas. 1992. Calibration, comparison and correction of net radiometer instruments used during FIFE. J. Geophys. Res. 97(D17):18,681-18,695.
Fritschen, L.J. and L.W. Gray. 1979. Environmental instrumentation. Springer Verlag Pub. pp. 130-133
Lowe, P.R.. 1977. An approximating polynomial for the computation of saturation vapor pressure. J. Appl. Meteorol. 16:100-103.
Montieth, J.L.. 1973. Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Arnold, London. 241 pp.
Stannard, D.I.. 1985. Design and performance of a machine used in the calculation of Bowen ratios. Proceedings of NWWA Conf. on Characterization and Monitoring of the Vadose (Unsaturated) Zone (Nov. 19 - 21: Denver, CO). National Water Well Assoc., Worthington, Ohio, 143-156.
Weaver, H.L., and G.S. Campbell. 1985. Use of Peltier coolers as soil heat flux transducers. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:1065-1067.
Weaver, H.L. 1990. Temperature and humidity flux-variance relations determined by one-dimensional eddy correlation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 53:77-91.
Baldocchi, D.D., B.B. Hicks, and T.P. Meyers. 1988. Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods. Ecology 69:1331-1340.
Businger, J.A. 1986. Evaluation of the accuracy with which dry deposition can be measured with current micrometeorological techniques. J. Clim. and Appl. Meteorol. 25:1100-1124.
Fritschen, L.J., and J.R. Simpson. 1989. Surface energy and radiation balance systems: General description and improvements. J. Appl. Meteorol. 28:680-689
Fritschen, L.J., P. Qian, E.T. Kanemasu, D. Nie, E.A. Smith, J.B. Stewart, S.B. Verma and M.L. Wesely. 1992. Comparison of surface flux measurement systems used in FIFE 1989. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (D17):18,697-18,713.
Nie, D., and E.T. Kanemasu. 1989. Comparison of net radiation on slopes. In: Proc. 19th Conf. Agric. and Forest Meteorol., Charleston, SC, Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA.
Nie, D., E.T. Kanemasu, L.J. Fritschen, H.L. Weaver, E.A. Smith, S.B. Verma, R.T. Field, W.P. Kustas, and J.B. Stewart. 1992. An intercomparison of surface energy flux measurement systems used during FIFE 1987. J. Geophys. Res. 97(D17):18,715-18,724.
Tanner, C.B.. 1960. Energy balance approach to evapotranspiration from crops. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 24:1-9.
Verma, S.B.. 1990. Micrometeorological methods for measuring surface fluxes of mass and energy. Remote Sensing Reviews, 5:99-115.
Wesely, M.L., D.H. Lenschow, and O.T. Denmead. 1989. Flux measurement techniques In: Global Tropospheric Chemistry-Chemical Fluxes in the Global Atmosphere. pp. 31-46. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO. 107 pp.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or online access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at Glossary.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
April 28, 1994 (citation revised on October 15, 2002).
This document has been reviewed by the FIFE Information Scientist to eliminate technical and editorial inaccuracies. Previous versions of this document have been reviewed by the Principal Investigator, the person who transmitted the data to FIS, a FIS staff member, or a FIFE scientist generally familiar with the data. It is believed that the document accurately describes the data as collected and as archived on the FIFE CD-ROM series.
October 22, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_SF30_BRW.
Weaver, H. L. 1994. Bowen Ratio Surface Flux: USGS (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/24. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.), Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).