This data set contains standardized gridded observation data, terrestrial biosphere model output data, and inverse model simulations of carbon flux parameters that were used in the North American Carbon Program (NACP) Regional Synthesis activities. The data set provides five observation data files (MODIS GPP, MODIS NPP, FIA forest biomass/forest area, NASS crop NPP, and NASS agricultural land fraction) and simulation results from 18 terrestrial biosphere models (TBM) (28 variables; 114 files) and seven inverse models (IM) (two variables; 8 files).
To produce this data set, the NACP Modeling and Synthesis Thematic Data Center (MAST-DC) resampled original model simulation results and observation measurement data to 1-degree spatial resolution for North American region, interpolated into monthly or yearly temporal resolution, and reformatted into Climate and Forecast (CF) convention compatible netCDF format.
This data set is related to two other processed regional data sets (i.e., NACP Regional: Supplemental Gridded Observations, Biosphere and Inverse Model Outputs; and NACP Regional: National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Aggregated Gridded Model Data) and the originally-submitted NACP Regional: Original Observation Data and Biosphere and Inverse Model Outputs.
Detailed descriptions of observation data, TBMs, and IMs can be found in the companion file Regional-Description_of_Observations_and_Models.pdf.
MAST-DC was a component of the NACP (www.nacarbon.org) designed to support NACP by providing data products and data management services needed for modeling and synthesis activities. The overall objective of MAST-DC was to provide data management support to NACP investigators and agencies performing modeling and synthesis activities.
Get Data: http//:daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1157
Companion Documentation for this Data Set:
Model Characteristics Overview and References: NACP_Model_Characteristics.pdf
Related Data Products:
Cite this data set as follows:
Wei, Y., W.M. Post, R.B. Cook, D.N. Huntzinger, P.E. Thornton, A.R. Jacobson, I. Baker, J. Chen, F. Chevallier, F.M. Hoffman, A. Jain, S. Liu, R. Lokupitiya, D.A. McGuire, A. Michalak, G.G. Moisen, R.P. Neilson, P. Peylin, C. Potter, B. Poulter, D. Price, J. Randerson, C. Rödenbeck, H. Tian, E. Tomelleri, G. van der Werf, N. Viovy, T.O. West, J. Xiao, N. Zeng, and M. Zhao. 2013. NACP Regional: Gridded 1-deg Observation Data and Biosphere and Inverse Model Outputs. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1157
Project: North American Carbon Program (NACP)
The NACP (Denning et al., 2005; Wofsy and Harriss, 2002) is a multidisciplinary research program to obtain scientific understanding of North America's carbon sources and sinks and of changes in carbon stocks needed to meet societal concerns and to provide tools for decision makers. Successful execution of the NACP has required an unprecedented level of coordination among observational, experimental, and modeling efforts regarding terrestrial, oceanic, atmospheric, and human components. The program has relied upon a rich and diverse array of existing observational networks, monitoring sites, and experimental field studies in North America and its adjacent oceans. It is supported by a number of different federal agencies through a variety of intramural and extramural funding mechanisms and award instruments.
NACP and MAST-DC organized several synthesis activities to evaluate and inter-compare biosphere model outputs and observation data at local to continental scales for the time period of 2000 through 2005. The synthesis activities have included three component studies, each conducted on different spatial scales and producing numerous data products: (1) site-level analyses that examined process-based model estimates and observations at over 30 AmeriFlux and Fluxnet-Canada tower sites across North America; (2) a regional, mid-continent intensive study centered in the agricultural regions of the United States and focused on comparing inventory-based estimates of net carbon exchange with those from atmospheric inversions; and (3) a regional and continental synthesis evaluating model estimates against each other and available inventory-based estimates across North America. A number of other NACP syntheses were conducted, including ones focusing on non-CO2 greenhouse gases, the impact of disturbance on carbon exchange, and coastal carbon dynamics. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) is the archive for the NACP synthesis data products.
This data set contains part of the third NACP synthesis product described above: regional analyses. It provides standardized 1-degree gridded observation (OM) data, terrestrial biosphere model (TBM) output data, and inverse model (IM) simulations that were processed by MAST-DC and used in the NACP Regional Synthesis activities (Table 1). The data set includes five (5) OM data files (MODIS GPP, MODIS NPP, FIA forest biomass/forest area, NASS crop NPP, and NASS agricultural land fraction), 114 TBM data files, and eight (8) IM data files. To produce this data set, the originally-submitted data were resampled to 1-degree spatial resolution for North American region, interpolated into monthly or yearly temporal resolution, and reformatted into Climate and Forecast (CF) convention compatible netCDF format (Table 2).
This data set is related to two other processed regional data sets (i.e., supplemental observation data and biosphere and inverse model outputs; and national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories and model outputs aggregated by GHG inventory zones) and the originally-submitted observation data and model outputs (see Related Data Products above). Detailed descriptions of observation data, TBM, and IM models can be found in a separate document: Regional-Description_of_Observations_and_Models.pdf.
Table 1. Contributors
| Last Name | First Name | Organization | Role | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wei | Yaxing | ORNL | weiy@ornl.gov | MAST-DC |
| Post | Wilfred M. | University of Tennessee | wmp@ornl.gov | MAST-DC |
| Cook | Robert B. | ORNL | cookrb@ornl.gov | MAST-DC |
| Huntzinger | Deborah N. | Northern Arizona University | deborah.huntzinger@nau.edu | Synthesis Lead |
| Thornton | Peter E. | ORNL | thorntonpe@ornl.gov | MAST-DC, CLM-CN |
| Jacobson | Andy | NOAA | andy.jacobson@noaa.gov | Synthesis Lead, CarbonTracker |
| Baker | Ian | Colorado State University | baker@atmos.colostate.edu | SIB3.1 |
| Chen | Jing | University of Toronto | chenj@geog.utoronto.ca | BEPS |
| Chevallier | Frederic | LSCE | Frederic.Chevallier@lsce.ipsl.fr | LSCE no.2 |
| Hoffman | Forrest | ORNL | forrest@climatemodeling.org | CLM-CASA |
| Jain | Atul | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | jain@atmos.uiuc.edu | ISAM |
| Liu | Shuguang | USGS | sliu@usgs.gov | EC-LUE |
| Lokupitiya | Ravi | Colorado State University | ravi@atmos.colostate.edu | CSU no.1 |
| McGuire | David A. | University of Alaska Fairbanks | ffadm@uaf.edu | TEM6 |
| Michalak | Anna | Stanford University | michalak@stanford.edu | Michigan Geostatistical |
| Moisen | Gretchen G. | USDA Forest Service | gmoisen@fs.fed.us | U.S. Forest Biomass |
| Neilson | Ronald P. | USDA Forest Service | rneilson@fs.fed.us | MC1 |
| Peylin | Philippe | LSCE |
Philippe.Peylin@lsce.ipsl.fr
|
LSCE no.1 |
| Potter | Chris | NASA Ames Research Center | chris.potter@nasa.gov | NASA-CASA |
| Poulter | Ben | Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research | ben.poulter@pik-potsdam.de | LPJmL |
| Price | David | Canadian Forest Service |
dprice@nrcan.gc.ca |
Can-IBIS |
| Randerson | Jim | University of California Irvine | jranders@uci.edu | CASA-Transcom |
| Rödenbeck | Christian | Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry | christian.roedenbeck@bgc-jena.mpg.de | Jena |
| Tian | Hanqin | Auburn University | tianhan@auburn.edu | DLEM |
| Tomelleri | Enrico | Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry |
etomell@bgc-jena.mpg.de |
MOD17-plus |
| van der Werf | Guido | University Amsterdam | guido.van.der.werf@falw.vu.nl | CASA-GFEDv2 |
| Viovy | Nicolas | LSCE |
viovy@lsce.ipsl.fr |
ORCHIDEE |
| West | Tristram O. | PNNL |
tristram.west@pnnl.gov |
Crop NPP |
| Xiao | Jingfeng | University of New Hampshire | j.xiao@unh.edu | EC-MOD |
| Zeng | Ning | University of Maryland at College Park | zeng@atmos.umd.edu | VEGAS |
| Zhao | Maosheng | University of Montana | zhao@ntsg.umt.edu | MODIS GPP/NPP |
Table 2. List of Observation Measurements and Models in the Gridded 1-degree Analysis
| OBSERVATION MEASUREMENTS | |
|---|---|
| Observation Data | Short Name |
| MODIS MOD17A2 Gross Primary Production (GPP) | MODIS GPP |
| MODIS MOD17A3 Net Primary Production (NPP) | MODIS NPP |
| Conterminous U.S. Forest Biomass/Forest Area | FIA Forest Biomass |
| Conterminous U.S. Crop Net Primary Production (NPP)/Agricultural Land Fraction | NASS Crop NPP |
| TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE MODELS | |
| Prognostic Models | Short Name |
| Canadian Integrated BIosphere Simulator | Can-IBIS |
| Community Land Model with CASA (i01.55_q15) | CLM-CASA |
| Community Land Model with Carbon&Nitrogen (i01.57_q15) | CLM-CN |
| Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model | DLEM |
| Integrated Science Assessment Model | ISAM |
| Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land model | LPJmL |
| MC1 Dynamic Vegetation Model | MC1 |
| Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems model (v1.0) | ORCHIDEE |
| Simple Biosphere model version 3.1 | SiB3.1 |
| Terrestrial Ecosystem Model version 6 | TEM6 |
| Vegetation Global Atmosphere and Soil model | VEGAS |
| Diagnostic Models | Short Name |
| Boreal Ecosystems Productivity Simulator | BEPS |
| Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach model (Transcom version) | CASA-Transcom |
| Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach model(Global Fire Emissions Database v 2 version) | CASA-GFEDv2 |
| NASA-Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach model | NASA-CASA |
| Eddy-Covariance Light Use Efficiency model | EC-LUE |
| Eddy-Covariance model with MODIS | EC-MOD |
| MOD17-plus | MOD17+ |
| INVERSE MODELS | |
| Inversion Models | Short Name |
| CarbonTracker | CarbonTracker |
| University of Toronto Nested Global model | UToronto |
| Michigan Geostatistical model | Michigan Geostatistical |
| Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE) no.1 (Peylin-LSCE) model | LSCE-no1 (Peylin) |
| Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE) no.2 (Chevallier-LSCE) model | LSCE-no2 (Chevalier) |
| JENA CO2 Inverse model | Jena (Rodenbeck) |
| CSU no. 1 (MLEF-PCTM) model | CSU-no1 (MLEF-PCTM) |
Table 3. Data Packages Summary
| Data Set | Sub Category | Variables | Files | File Formats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized Gridded Observation and Model Output Data | Observation Measurements (OM) | 6 (GPP, NPP, forest biomass, forest area, crop NPP, agricultural land fraction) | 5 | netCDF |
| Terrestrial Biosphere Model (TBM) Outputs | 28 | 114 | netCDF | |
| Inverse Model (IM) Outputs | 2 (NEE, FF) | 8 | netCDF |
This data set contains a total of 127 data files (5 OM data files, 114 TBM output data files, and 8 IM output data files). The data have been resampled by ORNL DAAC to a standard 1-degree spatial resolution for North American region, interpolated into monthly or yearly temporal resolution, converted to a standardard measurement unit (generally, kg C/m2/month or year), and reformatted into CF convention compatible netCDF format.
Site boundaries: (All latitude and longitude given in decimal degrees)
| Site (Region) | Westernmost Longitude | Easternmost Longitude | Northernmost Latitude | Southernmost Latitude |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| North America | -170 | -50 | 84 | 10 |
2.1. Spatial Coverage
Site: North America
2.2. Spatial Resolution
1 degree x 1 degree
2.3. Spatial Coordinate Reference System
Sphere-based Geographic Lat/Lon. In CF-compatible netCDF files, it’s defined as:
char crs;
crs:grid_mapping_name = "latitude_longitude";
crs:semi_major_axis = 6370997.0f;
crs:inverse_flattening = 0.0f;
2.4. Temporal Coverage
Varies (range: 1990-2007). See Tables 2-4.
2.5. Temporal Resolution
Monthly or yearly with a few "one time" observations. See Tables 4-6.
2.6. Time Variable:
Units: “days since 1990-01-01 UTC”
Calendar: “noleap”
2.7. Data File Information
All of the data files are Climate & Forecast (CF) convention 1.0 compatible netCDF v3 formatted. Spatial resolution for all files is 1 degree x 1 degree. Spatial extent and temporal resolution and extent vary as noted. Missing values are designated by the value -9999.0. For each .zip file there is also an accompanying .txt companion file which contains file charactersitics and processing steps to convert the files into different formats.
Table 4. Observation Measurements (OM) Data Files
| FILE NAMES | TEMPORAL RESOLUTION | TEMPORAL EXTENT | SPATIAL EXTENT | UNITS | VARIABLE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COMPRESSED FILE NAMES * | UNCOMPRESSED DATA FILE NAMES | |||||
| OM_MODIS_GPP_Standardized.zip | OM_MODIS_GPP_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2006 | NA | kg C/m^2/month | Gross Primary Production (MODIS GPP) |
| OM_MODIS_NPP_Standardized.zip | OM_MODIS_NPP_1d.nc | Yearly | 2000-2006 | NA | kg C/m^2/yr | Net Primary Production (MODIS NPP) |
| OM_FIA_Biomass_Standardized.zip | OM_FIA_Biomass_1d.nc | One time | ~2000 | CONUS | kg C/m^2_of_forest | Forest biomass |
| m^2 | Forest area | |||||
| OM_NASS_Crop_Standardized.zip | OM_NASS_CropNPP_1d.nc | Yearly | 2001-2005 | CONUS | mg C/total area of each 1-degree grid cell/year | NASS Crop NPP |
| OM_NASS_AgPercent_1d.nc | percentage (%) of agricultural land in each 1-degree grid cell | Agricultural land fraction | ||||
Notes: CONUS = conterminous United States. NA = North America.
Table 5. Terrestrial Biosphere Model (TBM) Output Data Files
| FILE NAMES | TEMPORAL RESOLUTION | TEMPORAL EXTENT | SPATIAL EXTENT | UNITS | VARIABLE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COMPRESSED FILE NAMES * | UNCOMPRESSED DATA FILE NAMES | |||||
| TBM_BEPS_Standardized.zip | TBM_BEPS_GPP_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2004 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | Gross primary production (GPP) |
| TBM_BEPS_NEE_1d.nc | Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (derived from -1*NEP) | |||||
| TBM_BEPS_NEP_1d.nc | Net ecosystem production (NEP) | |||||
| TBM_BEPS_NPP_1d.nc | Net primary production (NPP) | |||||
| TBM_BEPS_Rh_1d.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) (derived from NPP-NEP) | |||||
| TBM_CASA-GFEDv2_Standardized.zip | TBM_CASA-GFEDv2_CFire_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2005 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | Fire emisssions (derived from NEEF-NEE) |
| TBM_CASA-GFEDv2_GPP_1d.nc | GPP | |||||
| TBM_CASA-GFEDv2_NEE_1d.nc | NEE | |||||
| TBM_CASA-GFEDv2_NEEF_1d.nc | Net ecosystem exchange with fire emissions (NEEF) | |||||
| TBM_CASA-GFEDv2_R_1d.nc | Total respiration (R) | |||||
| TBM_CASA-Transcom_Standardized.zip | TBM_CASA-Transcom_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 2002-2003 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE |
| TBM_CLM-CASA_Standardized.zip | TBM_CLM-CASA_CWDC_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | Monthly | 1990-2004 | NA | kg C/m^2 | Coarse woody debris carbon (CWDC) |
| TBM_CLM-CASA_FROOTC_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | Fine root carbon (FROOTC) | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_GPP_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | kg C/m^2/mo | GPP | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_HR_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (HR) | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_landfrac_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | One time | One time | Range: 0-1 |
Land fraction | ||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_LEAFC_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | Monthly | 1990-2004 | kg C/m^2 | Leaf carbon (LEAFC) | ||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_LITTERC_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | Litter carbon | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_NEE_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_NEP_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | NEP | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_NPP_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_SOILC_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | kg C/m^2 | Total soil organic matter carbon | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_TLAI_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | >dimensionless ratio (m^2/m^2) | Total projected leaf area index | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_VegC_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | kg C/m^2 | Vegetation carbon (derived from LEAFC+WOODC+FROOTC) | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CASA_WOODC_1d_i01.55casa_q15.nc | Wood carbon (WOODC) | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_Standardized.zip | TBM_CLM-CN_CWDC_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | Monthly | 1990-2004 | NA | kg C/m^2 | Coarse woody debris carbon (CWDC) |
| TBM_CLM-CN_FROOTC_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | Fine root carbon (FROOTC) | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_GPP_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | kg C/m^2/mo | GPP | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_HR_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (HR) | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_landfrac_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | One time | One time | Range: 0-1 | Land fraction | ||
| TBM_CLM-CN_LEAFC_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | Monthly | 1990-2004 | kg C/m^2 | Leaf carbon (LEAFC) | ||
| TBM_CLM-CN_LITTERC_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | Litter carbon | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_NEE_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_NEP_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | NEP | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_NPP_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_SOILC_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | kg C/m^2 | Total soil organic matter carbon | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_TLAI_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | dimensionless ratio (m^2/m^2) | Total projected leaf area index | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_TOTVEGC_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | kg C/m^2 | Total vegetation carbon (derived from LEAFC+WOODC+FROOTC) | ||||
| TBM_CLM-CN_WOODC_1d_i01.57cn_q15.nc | Wood carbon (WOODC) | |||||
| TBM_Can-IBIS_Standardized.zip | TBM_Can-IBIS_CBiomass_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2005 | NA | kg C/m^2/year | Biomass |
| TBM_Can-IBIS_CSoil_1d.nc | Soil carbon | |||||
| TBM_Can-IBIS_GPP_1d.nc | kg C/m^2/mo | GPP | ||||
| TBM_Can-IBIS_NEE_1d.nc | NEE (derived from -1*NEP) | |||||
| TBM_Can-IBIS_NEP_1d.nc | NEP | |||||
| TBM_Can-IBIS_NPP_1d.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_Can-IBIS_Ra_1d.nc | Autotrophic respiration (Ra) | |||||
| TBM_Can-IBIS_Rh_1d.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) | |||||
| TBM_DLEM_Standardized.zip | TBM_DLEM_GPP_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2005 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | GPP |
| TBM_DLEM_NEE_1d.nc | NEE | |||||
| TBM_DLEM_NPP_1d.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_DLEM_Ra_1d.nc | Autotrophic respiration (Ra) | |||||
| TBM_DLEM_Rh_1d.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) | |||||
| TBM_DLEM_TotLivBiom_1d.nc | kg C/m^2 | Total live biomass carbon (monthly mean total carbon content of the living biomass including heartwood) | ||||
| TBM_DLEM_TotSoilCarb_1d.nc | Monthly mean total soil carbon density | |||||
| TBM_EC-LUE_Standardized.zip | TBM_EC-LUE_GPP_1d.nc | Monthly | 2004-2005 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | GPP |
| TBM_EC-MOD_Standardized.zip | TBM_EC-MOD_GPP_1d.nc | Monthly | 2001-2006 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | GPP |
| TBM_EC-MOD_NEE_1d.nc | NEE | |||||
| TBM_ISAM_Standardized.zip | TBM_ISAM_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2007 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE |
| TBM_ISAM_NPP_1d.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_ISAM_Rh_1d.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) | |||||
| TBM_LPJmL_Standardized.zip | TBM_LPJmL_ANEE_1d.nc | Annual | 1990-2006 | NA | kg C/m^2/year | Annual net ecosystem exchange (derived from monthly NEE) |
| TBM_LPJmL_ANEEF_1d.nc | Annual net ecosystem exchange with fire emissions (derived from ANEE+FIRE) | |||||
| TBM_LPJmL_FIRE_1d.nc | Fire emissions | |||||
| TBM_LPJmL_GPP_1d.nc | Monthly | kg C/m^2/mo | GPP | |||
| TBM_LPJmL_LITC_1d.nc | Annual | kg C/m^2 | Litter carbon | |||
| TBM_LPJmL_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE | |||
| TBM_LPJmL_NPP_1d.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_LPJmL_RA_1d.nc | Autotrophic respiration (RA) | |||||
| TBM_LPJmL_RH_1d.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (RH) | |||||
| TBM_LPJmL_SOILC_1d.nc | Annual | kg C/m^2 | Soil carbon | |||
| TBM_LPJmL_VEGC_1d.nc | Live vegetation carbon | |||||
| TBM_MC1_Standardized.zip | TBM_MC1_BioCons_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2007 | CONUS | kg C/m^2/mo | Biomass consumed |
| TBM_MC1_NBP_1d.nc | Net biome production | |||||
| TBM_MC1_NEE_1d.nc | NEE | |||||
| TBM_MC1_NEEF_1d.nc | Net ecosystem exchange with fire emissions (derived from NEE+BioCons) | |||||
| TBM_MC1_NPP_1d.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_MC1_RespH_1d.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (respH) | |||||
| TBM_MC1_TotLivBiom_1d.nc | kg C/m^2 | Total living biomass | ||||
| TBM_MC1_TSLC_1d.nc | Total soil carbon | |||||
| TBM_MOD17-plus_Standardized.zip | TBM_MOD17-plus_GPP_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2005 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | GPP |
| TBM_MOD17-plus_NEE_1d.nc | NEE (derived from Reco-GPP) | |||||
| TBM_MOD17-plus_Reco_1d.nc | Ecosystem respiration (Reco) | |||||
| TBM_NASA-CASA_Standardized.zip | TBM_NASA-CASA_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 2001-2004 | CONUS | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE (derived from -1*NEP) |
| TBM_NASA-CASA_NEP_1d.nc | NEP | |||||
| TBM_NASA-CASA_NPP_1d.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_NASA-CASA_Rh_1d.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) (derived from NPP-NEP) | |||||
| TBM_ORCHIDEE_Standardized.zip | TBM_ORCHIDEE_CO2FLUX_1d_v1.0.nc | Monthly | 2001-2007 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | CO2 flux |
| TBM_ORCHIDEE_GPP_1d_v1.0.nc | GPP | |||||
| TBM_ORCHIDEE_GROWTH_RESP_1d_v1.0.nc | Growth respiration | |||||
| TBM_ORCHIDEE_HET_RESP_1d_v1.0.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (HET_RESP) | |||||
| TBM_ORCHIDEE_LAI_1d_v1.0.nc | dimensionless ratio (m^2/m^2) | Leaf area index | ||||
| TBM_ORCHIDEE_NPP_1d_v1.0.nc | kg C/m^2/mo | NPP | ||||
| TBM_SiB3_Standardized.zip | TBM_SiB3_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2005 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE |
| TBM_TEM6_Standardized.zip | TBM_TEM6_NACP_FireEmissions_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2006 | NA>45o | kg C/m^2/mo | Fire emissions (derived from NCE-NEE) |
| TBM_TEM6_NACP_GPP_1d.nc | GPP | |||||
| TBM_TEM6_NACP_NCE_1d.nc | Net exchange of carbon from the land to the atmosphere = Equals to NEEF (fire emissions included) | |||||
| TBM_TEM6_NACP_NECB_1d.nc | Net ecosystem carbon balance from the land to the atmosphere | |||||
| TBM_TEM6_NACP_NEE_1d.nc | NEE (derived from Rh-NPP) | |||||
| TBM_TEM6_NACP_NPP_1d.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_TEM6_NACP_RH_1d.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (RH) | |||||
| TBM_TEM6_NACP_SOILC_1d.nc | kg C/m^2 | Total soil carbon | ||||
| TBM_TEM6_NACP_VEGC_1d.nc | Total vegetation carbon above and below ground | |||||
| TBM_VEGAS_Standardized.zip | TBM_VEGAS_cb_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2007 | NA | kg C/m^2 | Total biomass carbon |
| TBM_VEGAS_cfire_1d.nc | kg C/m^2/mo |
Fire emissions | ||||
| TBM_VEGAS_cleaf_1d.nc | kg C/m^2 | Leaf carbon | ||||
| TBM_VEGAS_csoil_1d.nc | Soil carbon | |||||
| TBM_VEGAS_cvege_1d.nc | Total vegetation carbon | |||||
| TBM_VEGAS_evap_1d.nc | W/m^2 | Evapotranspiration | ||||
| TBM_VEGAS_GPP_1d.nc | kg C/m^2/mo | GPP | ||||
| TBM_VEGAS_LAI_1d.nc | dimensionless ratio (m^2/m^2) |
Leaf area index | ||||
| TBM_VEGAS_NEE_1d.nc | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE (fire emissions included) | ||||
| TBM_VEGAS_NEP_1d.nc | NEP | |||||
| TBM_VEGAS_NPP_1d.nc | NPP | |||||
| TBM_VEGAS_Ra_1d.nc | Autotrophic respiration (Ra) | |||||
| TBM_VEGAS_Rh_1d.nc | Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) | |||||
Notes: CONUS = conterminous United States. NA = North America. GPP = Gross Primary Production. NEE = Net Ecosystem Exchange. NEP = Net Ecosystem Production. NPP = Net Primary Production.
Table 6. Inverse Model (IM) Output Data Files
| FILE NAMES | TEMPORAL RESOLUTION | TEMPORAL EXTENT | SPATIAL EXTENT | UNITS | VARIABLE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COMPRESSED FILE NAMES * | UNCOMPRESSED DATA FILE NAMES | |||||
| IM_CarbonTracker_Standardized.zip | IM_CarbonTracker_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2007 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) |
| IM_CSU-no1_Standardized.zip | IM_CSU-no1_FF_1d.nc | Monthly | 2003-2004 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | Fossil Fuel emissions (FF) |
| IM_CSU-no1_NEE_1d.nc | NEE | |||||
| IM_JENA_Standardized.zip | IM_JENA_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 2001-2007 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo |
NEE |
| IM_LCSE-no1_Standardized.zip | IM_LCSE-no1_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2004 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE |
| IM_LCSE-no2_Standardized.zip | IM_LCSE-no2_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 2000-2006 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE |
| IM_Michigan-Geostatistical_Standardized.zip | IM_Michigan-Geostatistical_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 1997-2001 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE |
| IM_UToronto_Standardized.zip | IM_UToronto_NEE_1d.nc | Monthly | 1997-2001 | NA | kg C/m^2/mo | NEE |
Notes: NA = North America.
2.8. Observation Data and Model Output Variables
Table 7. List of Observation Data and Model Output Variables
| Short Name | Units | Long Name | Temporal Resolution | Models |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) | ||||
| GPP | kg C m-2 month-1 | gross primary production | monthly | MODIS GPP, BEPS, Can-IBIS, CASA-GFEDv2, CLM-CASA, CLM-CN, DLEM, EC-LUE, EC-MOD, LPJmL, MOD17-plus, ORCHIDEE (v1.0), TEM6, VEGAS, OSU-BGC |
| Net Primary Productivity (NPP) | ||||
| NPP | kg C m-2 month-1 | net primary production | monthly | MODIS NPP, BEPS, Can-IBIS, CLM-CASA, CLM-CN, ISAM, LPJmL, MC1, NASA-CASA, ORCHIDEE (v1.0), TEM6, VEGAS, DLEM |
| NPPCrop | kg C m-2 month-1 | net primary production crop | monthly | ORCHIDEE (v2.1) |
| CropNPP | MgC y-1 | crop NPP | annual | NASS CropNPP |
| Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) | ||||
| NEE | kg C m-2 month-1 | net ecosystem exchange | monthly | BEPS, Can-IBIS, CASA-GFEDv2, CLM-CASA, CLM-CN, EC-MOD, ISAM, LPJmL, MC1, MOD17-plus, NASA-CASA, SiB3, TEM6, VEGAS, CASA-Transcom, DLEM, CarbonTracker, UToronto, LSCE-no1, LSCE-no2, JENA, CSU-no1, Michigan-Geostatistical |
| CO2FLUX | kg C m-2 month-1 | co2 flux | monthly | ORCHIDEE (v1.0) |
| ANEE | kg C m-2 year-1 | annual net ecosystem exchange | yearly | LPJmL |
| NEEF | kg C m-2 month-1 | net ecosystem exchange
with fire emissions | monthly | MC1, CASA-GFEDv2 |
| ANEEF | kg C m-2 year-1 | annual net ecosystem exchange with fire emissions | yearly | LPJmL |
| Net Ecosystem Production | ||||
| NEP | kg C m-2 month-1 | net ecosystem production | monthly | BEPS,
Can-IBIS, CLM-CASA, CLM-CM, NASA-CASA, VEGAS |
| Total Respiration | ||||
| R | kg C m-2 month-1 | respiration | monthly | CASA-GFEDv2 |
| Reco | kg C m-2 month-1 | ecosystem respiration | monthly | MOD17-plus |
| Autotrophic Respiration | ||||
| Ra | kg C m-2 month-1 | autotrophic respiration | monthly | Can-IBIS, VEGAS, DLEM |
| RA | kg C m-2 month-1 | autotrophic respiration | monthly | LPJmL |
| Heterotrophic Respiration | ||||
| Rh | kg C m-2 month-1 | heterotrophic respiration | monthly | BEPS, Can-IBIS, ISAM, NASA-CASA, VEGAS, DLEM |
| HR | kg C m-2 month-1 | heterotrophic respiration | monthly | CLM-CASA, CLM-CN |
| RH | kg C m-2 month-1 | heterotrophic respiration | monthly | LPJmL, TEM6 |
| RespH | kg C m-2 month-1 | heterotrophic respiration | monthly | MC1 |
| HetResp | kg C m-2 month-1 | heterotrophic respiration | monthly | ORCHIDEE (v1.0) |
| Fire Emissions | ||||
| Cfire | kg C m-2 month-1 | fire emissions | monthly | CASA-GFEDv2 |
| cfire | kg C m-2 month-1 | fire emissions | monthly | VEGAS |
| FIRE | kg C m-2 year-1 | fire emissions | yearly | LPJmL |
| BioCons | kg C m-2 month-1 | biomass consumed | monthly | MC1 |
| FireEmissions | kg C m-2 month-1 | fire emissions | monthly | TEM6 |
| Total Living Biomass | ||||
| TotLivBiom | kg C m-2 | monthly mean total
carbon content of the living biomass including heartwood | monthly | DLEM |
| TotLivBiom | kg C m-2 | total living biomass | monthly | MC1 |
| CBiomass | kg C m-2 | biomass | yearly | Can-IBIS |
| cb | kg C m-2 | total biomass carbon | monthly | VEGAS |
| Biomass | kg C m-2 | forest biomass | one time | FIA Forest Biomass |
| Total Soil Carbon: Total soil and litter carbon content vertically integrated over the entire soil column | ||||
| TotSoilCarb | kg C m-2 | monthly mean total soil carbon density | monthly | DLEM |
| CSoil | kg C m-2 | soil carbon | yearly | Can-IBIS |
| SOILC | kg C m-2 | total soil organic matter C | monthly | CLM-CASA, CLM-CN |
| SOILC | kg C m-2 | total soil carbon | monthly | TEM6 |
| SOILC | kg C m-2 | soil carbon | yearly | LPJmL |
| TSLC | kg C m-2 | total soil carbon | monthly | MC1 |
| csoil | kg C m-2 | soil carbon | monthly | VEGAS |
| Leaf Area Index | ||||
| LAI | (-) | leaf area index | monthly | ORCHIDEE (v1.0), VEGAS |
| TLAI | (-) | total projected leaf area index | monthly | CLM-CASA, CLM-CN |
| Evapevapotranspiration (ET) | ||||
| evap | W m-2 | evapotranspiration | VEGAS | |
| Coarse Woody Debris Carbon | ||||
| CWDC | kg C m-2 | coarse woody debris C | monthly | CLM-CASA, CLM-CN |
| Wood Carbon | ||||
| WOODC | kg C m-2 | wood C | monthly | CLM-CASA, CLM-CN |
| Fine Root Carbon | ||||
| FROOTC | kg C m-2 | fine root C | monthly | CLM-CASA, CLM-CN |
| Land Fraction | ||||
| landfrac | (-) | land fraction | monthly | CLM-CASA, CLM-CN |
| Leaf Carbon | ||||
| LEAFC | kg C m-2 | leaf C | monthly | CLM-CASA, CLM-CN |
| cleaf | kg C m-2 | leaf carbon | monthly | VEGAS |
| Litter Carbon | ||||
| LITTERC | kg C m-2 | litter C | monthly | CLM-CASA, CLM-CN |
| LITC | kg C m-2 | litter carbon | yearly | LPJmL |
| Vegetation Carbon | ||||
| VegC | kg C m-2 | vegetation C | monthly | CLM-CASA |
| cvege | kg C m-2 | total vegetation carbon | monthly | VEGAS |
| VEGC | kg C m-2 | live vegetation carbon | yearly | LPJmL |
| VEGC | kg C m-2 | total vegetation above and below ground | monthly | TEM6 |
| TOTVEGC | kg C m-2 | total vegetation carbon | monthly | CLM-CN |
| Net Biome Production | ||||
| NBP | kg C m-2 month-1 | net biome production | monthly | MC1 |
| Growth Respiration | ||||
| GROWTH_RESP | kg C m-2 month-1 | growth respiration | monthly | ORCHIDEE (v1.0) |
| Net Carbon Exchange | ||||
| NCE | kg C m-2 month-1 | net exchange of C
from the land to the atmosphere | monthly | TEM6 |
| Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance | ||||
| NECB | kg C m-2 month-1 | net ecosystem C balance from the land to the atmosphere | monthly | TEM6 |
2.9. Companion File Information
Table 8. Companion Files
| FILE NAME | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|
| Regional-Description_of_Observations_and_Models.pdf | Overview of observation measurement data and terrestrial biosphere and inverse models, including descriptions, sources, contacts, and a comprehensive reference list |
| NACP_Model_Characteristics.pdf | Overview of process descriptions in participating TBMs and boundary conditions and driver data used in participating TBMs with a comprehensive reference list |
| NACP_Model_Metadata_Survey_Results.pdf | Metadata for TBMs Intercomparison: Site Model Data Comparison and Regional Model Data Comparison: Survey Results |
This data product contributes to a multidisciplinary research program to obtain scientific understanding of North America's carbon sources and sinks and of changes in carbon stocks needed to meet societal concerns and to provide tools for decision makers. It is part of a NACP regional and continental synthesis to evaluate and inter-compare models and observation measurements across North America. This work provides a valuable assessment of the current status of terrestrial carbon modeling in North America by bringing together model estimates that incorporate a wide range of modeling choices and input data. This work can also be used to compare the model results to different observational data products.
This data set provides the standardized, gridded observation measurements and model simulation output results that MAST-DC produced from the original data submissions. The differences (range) in estimates of regional land-atmosphere carbon fluxes in the data files in this data set appear to be driven by a combination of factors.
The participating models differ from each other because they are based on different simplifying assumptions and use different approaches (forward vs. inverse) and modeling strategies (detailed process, statistical, or observation based). They also differ structurally in how they represent the processes controlling carbon exchange between the land and atmosphere (e.g., representation of photosynthesis), in their input or environmental driver data (e.g., land cover, climate variables) and the temporal variability of those data, in their initial conditions, and in the parameter values used within their varying process descriptions. The gridded observation data also differ with regards to biome type, acquisition methods, spatial coverage and resolution, and temporal coverage and resolution. These varying approaches result in a large degree of variability in estimates of regional land-atmosphere carbon fluxes.
The variability in carbon flux estimates highlights the need for further analysis through the use of model runs following a common simulation protocol, to isolate the influences of model formulation, structure, and assumptions on flux estimates. A more formal model-data comparison is required to more definitively quantify the impact of model formulation and supporting and driver data on the accuracy of the simulation model outputs. Such efforts are underway by NACP, requiring substantial technical support for model participation, development of consistent and optimal environmental driver data sets, a unified intercomparison protocol, as well as coordination of the intercomparison effort across research groups. These NACP projects include (1) working to understand how model formulation and model choices impact overall model performance through the use of detailed simulation protocol and controlled input environmental driver data (e.g., Schwalm et al., 2010) and (2) the Multi-Scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP), which directly builds of the NACP regional synthesis products presented here.
Original model simulation results and observation measurement data were resampled by ORNL DAAC to a standard 1-degree spatial resolution for North American region, interpolated into monthly or yearly temporal resolution, converted to a standardard measurement unit (generally, kg C/m2/month or year), and reformatted into CF convention compatible netCDF format. [Note: FIA forest biomass/area data are also provided at half degree resolution.]
Information about the specific data processing steps taken by MAST-DC are available by contacting the Data Center as indicated below.
This data set is available through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
Web Site: http://daac.ornl.gov
E-mail: uso@daac.ornl.gov
Telephone: +1 (865) 241-3952
Denning, A.S., et al. 2005. Science implementation strategy for the North American Carbon Program: A Report of the NACP Implementation Strategy Group of the U.S. Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group. U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program, Washington, DC. 68 pp.
Huntzinger, D.N., W.M. Post, Y. Wei, A.M. Michalak, T.O. West, A.R. Jacobson, I.T. Baker, J.M. Chen, K.J. Davis, D.J. Hayes, F.M. Hoffman, A.K. Jain, S. Liu, A.D. McGuire, R.P. Neilson, C. Potter, B. Poulter, D. Price, B.M. Raczka, H.Q. Tian, P. Thornton, E. Tomelleri, N. Viovy, J. Xiao, W. Yuan, N. Zeng, M. Zhao, and R. Cook. 2012. North American Carbon Program (NACP) regional interim synthesis: Terrestrial biospheric model intercomparison. Ecological Modelling 232(10): 144-157. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.02.004
Schwalm, C. R., et al. 2010. A model-data intercomparison of CO2 exchange across North America: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. J. Geophys. Res. 115: G00H05. doi:10.1029/2009JG001229.
Wofsy, S.C., and R.C. Harriss. 2002. The North American Carbon Program (NACP). Report of the NACP Committee of the U.S. Interagency Carbon Cycle Science Program. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC. 56 pp.
Additional Sources of Information:
Please see the Reference section in the Regional-Description_of_Observations_and_Models.pdf document for publications related to the observation measurements, TBMs, and IMs used in this study.