This data set reports the results of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopic analyses of soil, soil water, and N2O soil gas samples; total soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations; and soil texture and bulk density. Samples were collected from the km 83 Logged Forest Tower Site and the km 67 Seca-Floresta Site in the Tapajos National Forest (TNF) near Santarem, Para, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in July of 2000 and soil gas samples were collected in 2001 and 2002. Soil and gas samples were collected from various soil types at each site and from several depths in specially constructed pits. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set.
Cite this data set as follows:
Perez, T. 2011. LBA-ECO TG-09 Soil Isotopic C, N, H2O, and N2O Data, Tapajos National Forest, Brazil. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1013
The LBA Data and Publication Policy [http://daac.ornl.gov/LBA/lba_data_policy.html] is in effect for a period of five (5) years from the date of archiving and should be followed by data users who have obtained LBA data sets from the ORNL DAAC. Users who download LBA data in the five years after data have been archived must contact the investigators who collected the data, per provisions 6 and 7 in the Policy.
This data set was archived in May of 2011. Users who download the data between May 2011 and April 2016 must comply with the LBA Data and Publication Policy.
Data users should use the investigator contact information in this document to communicate with the data provider. Alternatively, the LBA Web Site [http://lba.inpa.gov.br/lba/] in Brazil will have current contact information.
Data users should use the Data Set Citation and other applicable references provided in this document to acknowledge use of the data.
Project: LBA (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in the Amazon)
Activity: LBA-ECO
LBA Science Component: Trace Gas and Aerosol Fluxes
Team ID: TG-09 (Trumbore / Perez / Camargo)
The investigators were Trumbore, Susan E.; Perez Acosta, Tibisay Josefina ; Camargo, Plinio B. de ; Costa, Enir Salazar da; Silva, Daniela M. L. da and Tyler, Stanley C. You may contact Tibisay Perez (tperez@ivic.ve)
LBA Data Set Inventory ID: TG09_N2O_Soils
This data set reports the results of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopic analyses of soil, soil water, and N2O soil gas samples; total soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations; and soil texture and bulk density. Samples were collected from the km 83 Logged Forest Tower Site and the km 67 Seca-Floresta Site in the Tapajos National Forest (TNF) near Santarem, Para, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in July of 2000 and soil gas samples were collected in 2001 and 2002. Soil and gas samples were collected from various soil types at each site and from several depths in specially constructed pits.
Related Data Sets:
Data are presented in one comma separated ASCII file: TG09_Isotopes_in_Soil_Pools_Tapajos.csv
| Column | Heading | Units/format | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ID | Sample ID, replicate samples are given the same number and are distinguished by A or B | |
| 2 | Site | Sampling location within the Tapajos National Forest, south of Santarem Para | |
| 3 | Pit_ID | At km 83: C = Clay soil, SC = sand/clay transition soil, S = sand soil. A and B are replicate pits. At the Seca Floresta plots, km 67: CF = control plot, A = pit 1, B= pit 2; SF = dry down plot A=pit 4, B=pit 6) | |
| 4 | Depth | cm | Sample depth (cm) |
| 5 | Collection_date_soils | yyyy/mm/dd | Collection date (yyyy/mm/dd) for soil samples (data in columns 6-14) |
| 6 | Bulk_density | g cm-3 | Dry weight of soil per unit volume reported as grams per cubic centimeter (g cm-3) |
| 7 | delta_13C_soils | per mil | Isotopic ratio of 13C/12C in carbon dioxide referenced to PDB, measured with continuous flow on Finigan Delta Plus at CENA (per mil) |
| 8 | C_concentration_soils | % | Carbon content of soils in percent (%) analyzed by dry combustion at CENA (Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura at the Unversity of Sao Paulo) |
| 9 | delta_15N_soils | per mil | Isotopic ratio of 15N/14N in carbon dioxide referenced to N2, measured with continuous flow on Finigan Delta Plus at CENA (per mil) |
| 10 | N_concentration_soils | % | Nitrogen content of soils in percent (%) analyzed by dry combustion at CENA (Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura at the Unversity of Sao Paulo) |
| 11 | CN_ratio_soils | Mass based ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen | |
| 12 | Sand | % | Percent sand from soil texture analysis |
| 13 | Silt | % | Percent silt from soil texture analysis |
| 14 | Clay | % | Percent clay from soil texture analysis |
| 15 | Collection_date_soil_water_1 | yyyy/mm/dd | First sampling date (yyyy/mm/dd) for measurement of stable oxygen isotopes in soil water |
| 16 | delta_18O_soil_water_1 | per mil | delta 18O of the first set of extracted soil water relative to standard mean ocean water (SMOW) (per mil) |
| 17 | Collection_date_soil_water_2 | yyyy/mm/dd | Second sampling date (yyyy/mm/dd) for measurement of stable oxygen isotopes in soil water. (Provided 01-Sep (yy-mmm) date changed to 2001/09/01) |
| 18 | delta_18O_soil_water_2 | per mil | delta 18O of the second set of extracted soil water relative to SMOW (per mil) |
| 19 | Collection_date_soil_gas_1 | yyyy/mm/dd | First sampling date (yyyy/mm/dd) for measurement of stable oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in soil gases |
| 20 | N2O_mixing_ratio_soil_gas_1 | ppb | N2O mixing ratio (samples collected on date in column 19) for soil gases sampled using tubes installed at the various depths (ppb) |
| 21 | delta_15N_N2O | per mil | delta 15N compared to atmospheric N2 of N2O sampled from pore space (samples collected on date in column 19) (per mil) |
| 22 | Error_delta_15N_N2O | per mil | Precision of N2O delta 15N isotope measurement (per mil) |
| 23 | delta_18O_N2O | per mil | delta 18O compared to atmospheric N2 of N2O sampled from pore space (samples collected on date in column 19) |
| 24 | Error_delta_18O_N2O | per mil | Precision of N2O delta 18O isotope measurement (per mil) |
| 25 | Collection_date_soil_gas_2 | yyyy/mm/dd | Second sampling date (yyyy/mm/dd) for measurement of stable oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in soil gases |
| 26 | N2O_mixing_ratio_soil_gas_2 | ppb | N2O mixing ratio (samples collected on date in column 25) gases sampled using tubes installed at the various depths reported in parts per billion (ppb) |
| Missing data are represented by -9999 | |||
Example Data Records:
|
ID,Site,Pit_ID,Depth ,Collection_date_soils,Bulk_density,delta_13C_soils,C_concentration_soils,delta_15N_soils, N_concentration_soils,CN_ratio_soils,Sand,Silt,Clay,Collection_date_soil_water_1, delta_18O_soil_water_1, Collection_date_soil_water_2,delta_18O_soil_water_2,Collection_date_soil_gas_1,N2O_mixing_ratio_soil_gas_1, delta_15N_N2O,Error_delta_15N_N2O,delta_18O_N2O,Error_delta_18O_N2O,Collection_date_soil_gas_2, N2O_mixing_ratio_soil_gas_2 1A,km 83,C A,0-5,2000/07/21,-9999,-28.64,4.33,10.2, 0.34,12.9,-9999,-9999,-9999,2000/07/08,-9999, 2001/09/01,-9999,2001/11/16,-9999, -9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,2002/03/15, -9999 1B,km 83,C A,0-5,2000/07/21,0.81,-28.45,4.56,9.92, 0.36,12.59,31,8,61,2000/07/08,-5.13, 2001/09/01,-1.94,2001/11/16,353.1, 4.91,0.06,19.88,0.83,2002/03/15, -9999 2,km 83,C A,10,2000/07/21,0.9,-27.4,1.79,11.77, 0.16,11.04,18,7,75,2000/07/08,-4.18, 2001/09/01,-2.77,2001/11/16,440.34, 3.92,0.006,19.8,0.24,2002/03/15, 648.39 ... 13,km 67 Seca Floresta control,CF A,0,2000/07/21,0.96,-28.89,4.52,8.45, 0.33,13.75,12,10,78,2000/07/08,-4.55, 2001/09/01,-0.61,2001/11/22,392.6, -0.64,0.24,17.61,0.36,2002/03/19, -9999 14,km 67 Seca Floresta control,CF A,10,2000/07/21,0.96,-27.5,2.17,9.71, 0.18,11.82,12,14,74,2000/07/08,-3.83, 2001/09/01,-1.54,2001/11/22,425.3, 3.61,0.18,19.92,0.36,2002/03/19, 808.37 ... |
Site boundaries: (All latitude and longitude given in decimal degrees)
| Site (Region) | Westernmost Longitude | Easternmost Longitude | Northernmost Latitude | Southernmost Latitude | Geodetic Datum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Para Western (Santarem) - km 83 Logged Forest Tower (Para Western (Santarem)) | -54.9707 | -54.9707 | -3.017 | -3.017 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
| Para Western (Santarem) - km 67 Seca-Floresta Site | -55.0 | -55.0 | -2.750 | -2.750 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
Time period:
Platform/Sensor/Parameters measured include:
Tropical forest soils are the largest natural source of N2O to the atmosphere (Matson and Vitousek 1990). The use of stable isotope composition of N and O in atmospheric N2O and its sources has been proposed as a way to better constrain the global N2O budget. Variations in the flux and isotopic signatures of N2O from tropical soils reflect the microbiological processes that produce and consume N2O as well as the physical controls of the rate of N2O movement from soil to the atmosphere (Perez et al. 2000, 2001). Understanding the relative contribution of mechanisms responsible for such variability will provide new tools for extrapolating stable isotope results into large scales.
Isotopic composition of nitrous oxide
The uncertainty in N2O isotopic signature, determined by repeated measurements of an N2O isotope standard, was plus/minus 0.2 per mil and plus/minus 0.3 per mil for 15N and 18O, respectively. The delta 15N and delta 18O values are expressed relative to atmospheric N2 and Vienna-standard mean ocean water (V-SMOW), respectively.
Nitrous oxide concentration
N2O mixing ratios were determined by collection of
20 mL nylon syringes in the soil depth probes and measurement by electron capture detector (ECD) gas chromatography. Calibration curves with two N2O
standards (400 and 800 ppb) were made each sampling day. The uncertainty of the method based in the calibration curves with n=3 for each standard is plus/minus 5 ppb.
Amount and isotopic composition of soil carbon and nitrogen
The errors of %C, %N, delta 13C and delta 15N are calculated based on repeated analysis of standards of known isotopic composition. Their values are plus/minus 0.05%, plus/minus 0.1%, plus/minus 0.1 per mil and plus/minus 0.2 per mil for %C, %N, delta 13C, and delta 15N, respectively.
18O isotopic composition of soil water
The delta 18O values are expressed relative to the Vienna-standard mean ocean water (V-SMOW). The method uncertainty was plus/minus 0.1 per mil based on repeated analysis of standard materials.
Soil collection
Soils were collected from the Tapajos National Forest (TNF) near Santarem, Para state, Brazil. Soils from three primary forest sites were collected: a clay-rich (Oxisol), a sandy clay loam (Ultisol) and sandy loam (Ultisol) (described in Silver et al., 2000; Telles et al., 2003), and one set of samples from an Oxisol soil located in a forest dry down experiment (Seca Floresta) located in the km 67 site of the TNF (for this site details see Nepstad et al. 2002). The soil texture was determined at 0-5, 10, 25, 75, 100 and 200 cm of depth at the km 83 site. The texture classification at deeper layers shows that the sandy clay loam soil become a clay textured soil.
Amount and isotopic composition of TN
The fresh soils samples stored at 4 degrees C were taken to the Laboratorio de Ecologia Isotopica at CENA where they were dried at 60 degrees C for 24 hours. Samples were sieved (2 mm) and milled, and total carbon and
total nitrogen content and 15N isotopic composition were determined by CF-EA-IRMS. The nitrogen content analyzed this way is the sum of organic and inorganic N and is reported as percentage of total soil mass.
Soil depth N2O mixing ratio sampling collection
For the Brazilian clay, sandy clay loam, and sandy loam, we dug a pit of 2 meters depth where we inserted 2 m of 1/8 inch (outer diameter) stainless steel tube probes at 10, 25, 75, 100, and 200 cm on one wall of the pit. One end of the probe had holes to allow soil air flow in and the other end had a 1/8 inch Swagelok fitting with a septum to collect the air samples with a syringe. We used one of the pit walls to determine physical parameters (bulk density and water content) and soil samples for nutrient soil analysis. We
used a 20 ml syringe to collect soil air at each depth to determine N2O concentration. We flushed the first 20 ml of air to avoid possible N2O dilution within the probe (due to the probe length). At this site we sampled soil air for N2O mixing ratios and N2O stable isotope determinations at 0, 10, 25, 75, 100, and 200 cm of depth, as well as for water content, concentrations and isotopic composition of total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN), and soil nutrient (NH4+ and NO3-) concentrations. At the Seca Floresta site the same parameters were measured at 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 700, and 1,100 cm depth in a pit that was already being monitored monthly for trace gases concentrations (Davidson et al., unpublished results).
Stable isotope sampling collection
The samples for stable isotope analysis were collected using a N2O collection system that consisted of an evacuated stainless steel canister attached to a
tee with a septum in one end and a drierite/ascarite trap (for removal of CO2 and H2O) at the other end. The other end of the drierite/ascarite trap was connected to either the chamber placed on the soil surface, or the soil probe at each particular depth. The evacuated can was filled with the gas sample following the procedure described elsewhere [Perez et al., 2006]. After a 2-minute equilibration period, the canister valve was closed and the sample stored until it was analyzed at UC Irvine using a Finnigan MAT 252 isotope ratio mass spectrometer operated in continuous flow mode coupled with an online custom-made preconcentrator and gas chromatograph.
Isotopic composition of nitrous oxide
The samples stored in stainless steel canisters were transported to the University of California Irvine. In S. Tyler's lab, we used a custom-built gas pre-concentrator for N2O stable isotope analysis attached to a isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The procedure was as follows: We transferred the samples into glass bulbs (either 100 mL or 250 mL in volume) equipped with two valves. The smaller glass bulbs were chosen for the samples with the highest N2O concentration. A sample placed in a bulb was connected to the inlet of the pre-concentrator. High-flow ultra-high purity helium (25 mL/min) carried the sample first to an ascarite and then to a MgClO4 trap (to remove CO2 and H2O), then to a Nafion dryer (to further remove H2O; Perma Pure, Toms River, New Jersey, USA), and finally to the next trap in line where the N2O was condensed cryogenically (195 degrees K) and the other non-condensable gases were removed (N2, O2, CH4, CO). Enough helium was used to flush the sample bulb volume three times and ensure that all the sample was extracted from the bulb. The N2O on the first trap was released by warming it to room temperature and transferring it cryogenically to a Porapak Q trap (Alltech, Deerfield, Illinois, USA) at room temperature to remove the hydrocarbons remaining in the sample.
Finally, the sample was transferred into a cryofocusing trap (Poraplot Q, Alltech) before its injection into a gas chromatograph (GC). The sample was transferred to the GC by a stream of low-flow UHP helium (3 mL/min) and the N2O was separated from remaining traces of CO2 by a 25-m Poraplot Q capillary column (Alltech). Finally the bulk delta 18O and delta 15N isotopic compositions were measured by the Finnigan MAT model Delta XL isotope ratio mass spectrometer (ThermoElectron, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) connected to the GC via an open split.
18O isotopic composition of soil H2O
The delta 18O values of soil water were determined by means of a CO2 microequilibration method (Moreira
et al. 1997).
This data is available through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
Contact for Data Center Access Information:
E-mail: uso@daac.ornl.gov
Telephone: +1 (865) 241-3952
Matson, P.A. and P.M. Vitousek. 1990. An ecosystem approach to the development of a global nitrous oxide budget. BioScience 40: 672-677. doi:10.2307/1311434
Moreira, M.Z., L.S.L. Sternberg, L.A. Martinelli, R.L. Victoria, E.M. Barbosa, L.C.M. Bonates and D. Nepstad. 1997. Controls of transpiration to forest ambient vapour based on isotopic measurements. Global Change Biology 3:439-450. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.00082.x
Mulvaney, R.L. 1996. Nitrogen: inorganic forms Pages 1123-1184 in D.L. Sparks (ed) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison WI, USA
Nepstad, D.C., P. Moutinho, M.B. Dias, E. Davidson, G. Cardinot, D. Markewitz, R. Figueiredo, N. Vianna, J. Chambers, D. Ray, J.B. Guerreiros, P. Lefebvre, L. Sternberg, M. Moreira, L. Barros, F.Y. Ishida, I. Tohlver, E. Belk, K. Kalif, and K. Schwalbe. 2002. The effects of partial throughfall exclusion on canopy processes, aboveground production, and biogeochemistry of an Amazon forest. Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres 107: 8085.
Perez, T., S.E. Trumbore, S.C. Tyler, E.A. Davidson, M. Keller, and P.B. de Camargo. 2000. Isotopic variability of N2O emissions from tropical forest soils, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14(2):525-535. doi:10.1029/1999GB001181
Perez, T., S.E. Trumbore, S.C. Tyler, P.A. Matson, I. Ortiz-Monasterio, T. Rahn, and D.W.T. Griffith. 2001. Identifying the agricultural imprint on the global N2O budget using stable isotopes, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 106(D9):9869-9878. doi:10.1029/2000JD900809
Perez, T., Garcia-Montiel, D., Trumbore, S.E., Tyler, S. C., de Camargo, P., Moreira, M., Piccolo, M. and Cerri, C. 2006. Nitrous oxide nitrification and denitrification 15N enrichment factors from Amazon forest soils. Ecological Applications. 16(6) 2153-2167.
Silver, W.L. J. Neff, M.McGroddy, E. Veldkamp, M. Keller and R. Cosme. 2000. Effects of soil texture on belowground carbon and nutrient storage in a lowland Amazonian forest ecosystem. Ecosystems 3: 193-209. doi:10.1007/s100210000019
Telles, E.D.C., P.B. de Camargo, L.A. Martinelli, S.E. Trumbore, E.S. da Costa, J. Santos, N. Higuchi, and R.C. Oliveira. 2003. Influence of soil texture on carbon dynamics and storage potential in tropical forest soils of Amazonia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17: art.no. 1040. doi:10.1029/2002GB001953
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