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LBA-ECO ND-03 Stream and Soil Water Data, Fazenda Nova Vida, Rondonia: 1994-2001
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Revision date: September 11, 2012

 Summary:

This data set provides the results of (1) the physical and chemical characterization of streams and (2) comparable chemical analyses of extracted soil water in the Aldeia River basin at Fazenda Nova Vida, a large cattle ranch 50 km from the city of Ariquemes, in central Rondonia, Brazil, from 1994-2001. Data are provided on the stream beds including cross-sectional depth and stream bed surface type. Stream discharge is reported. Streamwater was sampled and analyzed periodically over the eight-year duration of the study at numerous steam locations. Soil solution samples were collected at the same frequency with lysimeters placed at 30 cm and 100 cm depths on the floodplain and at upland forest and pasture sites in the Aldeia River watershed. There are five comma-delimited data files in this data set.

stream locations

Figure 1. Fazenda Nova Vida study areas PVA-1 and PVA-2 and water sampling stations displayed on an INPE satellite image (1997).


sampling locations

Figure 2. Fazenda Nova Vida study area PVA-1 and lysimeter sampling stations displayed on an INPE satellite image (1997).

Data Citation:

Cite this data set as follows:

Deegan, L.A., C. Neill, S.M. Thomas, A.V. Krusche, M.V.R. Ballester, R.L. Victoria. 2012. LBA-ECO ND-03 Stream and Soil Water Data, Fazenda Nova Vida, Rondonia: 1994-2001. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1113

Implementation of the LBA Data and Publication Policy by Data Users:

The LBA Data and Publication Policy [http://daac.ornl.gov/LBA/lba_data_policy.html] is in effect for a period of five (5) years from the date of archiving and should be followed by data users who have obtained LBA data sets from the ORNL DAAC. Users who download LBA data in the five years after data have been archived must contact the investigators who collected the data, per provisions 6 and 7 in the Policy.

This data set was archived in September of 2012. Users who download the data between September 2012 and August 2017 must comply with the LBA Data and Publication Policy.

Data users should use the Investigator contact information in this document to communicate with the data provider. Alternatively, the LBA website [http://lba.inpa.gov.br/lba/] in Brazil will have current contact information.

Data users should use the Data Set Citation and other applicable references provided in this document to acknowledge use of the data.

Table of Contents:

1. Data Set Overview:

Project: LBA (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in the Amazon)

Activity: LBA-ECO

LBA Science Component: Nutrient Dynamics

Team ID: ND-03 (Deegan / Victoria)

The investigators were Deegan, Linda A.; Krusche, Alex V.; Neill, Christopher; Thomas, Suzanne M.; Victoria, Reynaldo Luiz and Haupert, Christie Lynn. You may contact Deegan, Linda A. (ldeegan@mbl.edu) and Haupert, Christie Lynn (chaupert@mbl.edu).

LBA Data Set Inventory ID: ND03_Streams_Soilwater

This data set provides the results of (1) the physical and chemical characterization of streams and (2) comparable chemical analyses of extracted soil water in the Aldeia River basin at Fazenda Nova Vida, a large cattle ranch 50 km from the city of Ariquemes, in central Rondonia, Brazil, from 1994-2001. Data are provided on the stream beds including cross-sectional depth and stream bed surface type. Stream discharge is reported. Streamwater was sampled and analyzed periodically over the eight year duration of the study at numerous steam locations. Soil solution samples were collected at the same frequency with lysimeters placed at 30 cm and 100 cm depths on the floodplain and at upland forest and pasture sites in the Aldeia River watershed.

2. Data Characteristics:

Data are presented in five comma-delimited ASCII files:

File #1: ND03_Nova_Vida_Cross_Sectional_Stream_Depth.csv

Stream physical characteristics were measured in a one-time synoptic survey during the dry seasons, June-August, of 1998 and 1999.

ColumnHeadingUnits/format Description
1Stream_ID  Stream identification code. See Figure 1 stream locations
2Width_totalm Total wetted width at cross-sectional transect location in meters (m)
3Distance_Mm Distance in meters (m) from designated 0 point, see below. Negative values represent upstream from 0 point and positive values downstream
4Depth_0cmcm Depth to stream bottom at start of transect reported in centimeters (cm)
5Depth_10cmcm Depth to stream bottom at 10 cm from transect start reported in centimeters (cm)
6-87 Depth_20cm-Depth_830cmcmColumns 6-87 report depth to stream bottom at 10 centimeter increments along the cross-sectional transect to a maximum stream width of 830 cm
 
Missing data values are represented by -9999
 
* GPS locations for the 0-points (see description for column #3):

PVA1-Forest_4, 10° 9'11.89 S, 62°47'29.05W

PVA1-Pasture_12, 10° 8'58.95S,62°48'9.48W

PVA1-Pasture_25, 10° 9'16.39"S, 62°49'39.19"W

Example data records:

Stream_ID,Width_total,Distance_M,Depth_0cm,Depth_10cm,Depth_20cm,Depth_30cm,Depth_40cm,Depth_50cm,
Depth_60cm,Depth_70cm,Depth_80cm,Depth_90cm,Depth_100cm,Depth_110cm,Depth_120cm,Depth_130cm,
Depth_140cm,Depth_150cm,Depth_160cm,Depth_170cm,Depth_180cm,Depth_190cm,Depth_200cm,Depth_210cm,Depth_220cm,
Depth_230cm,Depth_240cm,Depth_250cm,Depth_260cm,Depth_270cm,Depth_280cm,Depth_290cm,Depth_300cm,Depth_310cm,
Depth_320cm,Depth_330cm,Depth_340cm,Depth_350cm,Depth_360cm,Depth_370cm,Depth_380cm,Depth_390cm,Depth_400cm,
Depth_410cm,Depth_420cm,Depth_430cm,Depth_440cm,Depth_450cm,Depth_460cm,Depth_470cm,Depth_480cm,Depth_490cm,
Depth_500cm,Depth_510cm,Depth_520cm,Depth_530cm,Depth_540cm,Depth_550cm,Depth_560cm,Depth_570cm,Depth_580cm,
Depth_590cm,Depth_600cm,Depth_610cm,Depth_620cm,Depth_630cm,Depth_640cm,Depth_650cm,Depth_660cm,Depth_670cm,
Depth_680cm,Depth_690cm,Depth_700cm,Depth_710cm,Depth_720cm,Depth_730cm,Depth_740cm,Depth_750cm,Depth_760cm,
Depth_770cm,Depth_780cm,Depth_790cm,Depth_800cm,Depth_810cm,Depth_820cm,Depth_830cm

PVA1-Forest_4,5.2,-270,0,10,13,23,27,26,
20,19,16,12,7,7,7,5,2,
2,2,2,2,3,2,3,3,2,
3,4,5,4,3,6,5,7,7,
7,8,8,10,9,10,12,11,13,
14,18,18,18,17,17,14,9,7,
2,0,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999
PVA1-Forest_4,3.6,-265,0,3,9,7,6,7,
9,10,10,10,10,10,12,11,12,
13,14,17,19,19,20,23,23,25,
26,24,25,23,20,19,19,16,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999
,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999
...
PVA1-Forest_4,2.9,790,0,2,5,4,6,6,
6,7,9,10,12,16,15,17,19,
19,23,29,25,26,24,25,23,22,
19,8,9,2,2,0,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999, -9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999
-9999,-9999, -9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999
PVA1-Forest_4,3.4,795,0,2,7,12,17,17,
19,19,19,17,14,10,12,12,14,
12,9,12,12,14,9,8,8,5,
2,0,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999, -9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999 ,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999
...
PVA1-Pasture_25,4.8,760,0,-9999,25,-9999,21,-9999,
21,-9999,23,-9999,24,-9999,25,-9999,27,
-9999,27,-9999,27,27,28,27,28,-9999,26,
-9999,27,-9999,28,-9999,27,-9999,27,-9999,
27,-9999,27,-9999,24,-9999,15, -9999,7,
-9999,0,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999, -9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999
PVA1-Pasture_25,4.8,770,0,-9999,33,-9999,32,-9999,
28,-9999,26,-9999,25,-9999,27,-9999,27,
-9999,27,-9999,26,,24,,28,,26,,26,-9999,
25,-9999,24,-9999,25,-9999,27,-9999,29,
-9999,33,-9999,35,-9999,36,-9999,29,-9999,
17,-9999,0,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999, -9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999, -9999,
-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999

File #2: ND03_Nova_Vida_Stream_Bed.csv

Stream physical characteristics were measured in a one-time synoptic survey during the dry seasons, June-August, of 1998 and 1999.

ColumnHeadingUnits/formatDescription
1Stream_ID  Stream identification code. See Figure 1 stream locations, ID 1-41
2Distance_Mm Distance in meters (m) from designated 0 point, see below. Negative values represent upstream from 0 point and positive values downstream
3Number_C Number of points on the transect at that distance that were classified as exposed clay
4Number_F Number of points on the transect at that distance that were classified as fine organic material over sand
5Number_S Number of points on the transect at that distance that were classified as exposed sand
6Number_L Number of points on the transect at that distance that were classified as accumulated leaf pack
7Number_W Number of points on the transect at that distance that were classified as woody debris (stems, trunks of trees)
8Number_R Number of points on the transect at that distance that were classified as Riparian grass
9Number_G Number of points on the transect at that distance that were classified as exposed gravel
10Total_obs_transect  Total number of points in the transect
11Fraction_C fractionFraction of total points on the transect at that distance that were classified as exposed clay
12Fraction_F fractionFraction of total points on the transect at that distance that were classified as fine 0rganic material over sand
13Fraction_S fractionFraction of total points on the transect at that distance that were classified as exposed sand
14Fraction_L fractionFraction of total points on the transect at that distance that were classified as accumulated leaf pack
15Fraction_W fractionFraction of total points on the transect at that distance that were classified as woody debris (stems, trunks of trees)
16Fraction_R fractionFraction of total points on the transect at that distance that were classified as riparian grass
17Fraction_G fractionFraction of total points on the transect at that distance that were classified as exposed gravel
 
* GPS locations for the 0-points (see description for column #2):

PVA1-Forest_4, 10° 9'11.89 S, 62°47'29.05W

PVA1-Pasture_12, 10° 8'58.95S,62°48'9.48W

PVA1-Pasture_25, 10° 9'16.39"S, 62°49'39.19"W

Example data records:

Stream_ID,Distance_M,Number_C,Number_F,Number_S,Number_L,Number_W,Number_R,Number_G,Total_obs_transect,
Fraction_C,Fraction_F,Fraction_S,Fraction_L,Fraction_W,Fraction_R,Fraction_G
PVA1-Pasture_12,505,3,6,5,10,3,0,0,27,0.11,0.22,0.19,0.37,0.11,0,0
PVA1-Pasture_12,500,0,8,16,2,0,0,0,26,0,0.31,0.62,0.08,0,0,0
PVA1-Pasture_12,495,1,20,0,2,3,0,1,27,0.04,0.74,0,0.07,0.11,0,0.04 PVA1-Pasture_12,490,0,6,3,5,4,1,0,19,0,0.32,0.16,0.26,0.21,0.05,0 PVA1-Pasture_12,485,0,0,4,0,0,5,0,9,0,0,0.44,0,0,0.56,0

File #3: ND03_Nova_Vida_Daily_Streamwater_Temp.csv

ColumnHeadingUnits/formatDescription
1Yearyyyy Year in which sample was collected
2Monthmm Month in which sample was collected (1,2, 3,…12, where 1 = January, 2 = February, etc.)
3Date yyyymmddSampling date
4T_PVA1_Forest_4 degrees CAverage daily stream temperature for stream PVA1-Forest_4
5T_PVA1_Pasture_12 degrees CAverage daily stream temperature for stream PVA1-Pasture_12
6T_PVA2_Forest_8 degrees CAverage daily stream temperature for stream PVA2-Forest_8
7T_PVA2_Pasture_7 degrees CAverage daily stream temperature for stream PVA2-Pasture_7
Missing data are represented as -9999

Example data records:

Year,Month,Date,T_PVA1_Forest_4,T_PVA1_Pasture_12,T_PVA2_Forest_8,T_PVA2_Pasture_7
1998,3,19980311,26.36,27.56,25.21,27.13
1998,3,19980312,26.23,27.23,25.18,26.79
...
1999,1,19990101,24.96,26.07,24.95,25.64
1999,1,19990102,25.32,26.94,25.36,25.94
...
2000,1,20000101,25.63,25.86,25.65,25.76
2000,1,20000102,25.33,25.83,25.1,25.72
...
2001,7,20010727,25.98,25.05,-9999,-9999
2001,7,20010728,24.45,23.63,-9999,-9999

File #4: ND03_Nova_Vida_Streamwater_Data.csv

ColumnHeadingUnits/formatDescription
1Trip_ID Trip identification code with values A,B,C...N.
2Date yyyymmddDate sample was collected in the field (yyyymmdd)
3Year yyyyYear sample was collected (1994-2001)
4Month mmMonth when samples were collected in the field with 1 = January, 2 = February, etc.
5Day dd Day of the month sample collected
6Season   Season of the year when sample was taken: Wet or Dry. Rainy season is typically from November to April.
7Landuse  Predominant land use in drainage area surrounding the sample location: Forest, Pasture, or Mixed
8Station_ID   Sampling station identification number. See associated documentation for a map of the sampling area (stations 1-41).
9Stage cm Relative stream height in centimeters (cm) as measured by a fixed staff gage (only at stations 4, 7, 8, and 12)
10Discharge L/s Stream flow reported in liters per second (L/s) measured using cross-sectional area and flow rate information
11T_stream degrees C Stream temperature at the time of sample collection in degrees Celsius
12pH pH of stream sample as measured streamside or in the laboratory
13Alkalinity mg/L CaCO3Streamwater alkalinity as measured by 2-point titration, as milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate (mg/L CaCO3)
14NH4 umol/LStreamwater ammonium concentration in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
15NO3 umol/LStreamwater nitrate concentration in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
16PO4 umol/LStreamwater phosphate (soluble reactive phosphate) in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
17TDN umol/LStreamwater total dissolved nitrogen in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
18TDPumol/LStreamwater total dissolved phosphorus concentration in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
19Naumol/LStreamwater magnesium concentration in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
20Kumol/LStreamwater sodium concentration in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
21Mgumol/LStreamwater potassium concentration in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
22Caumol/LStreamwater calcium concentration in micromoles per liter of streamwater (umol/L)
23Fe mg/LStreamwater iron concentration in milligrams per liter (mg/L)
24Chl_a ug/LConcentration of chlorophyll-a in micrograms per liter of streamwater (ug/L)
25TSS mg/LConcentration of total suspended solids in milligrams per liter of streamwater (mg/L)
26POC mg/LConcentration of particulate organic carbon in milligrams per liter of streamwater (mg/L)
27PON mg/LConcentration of particulate organic nitrogen in milligrams per liter streamwater
28C_to_N_particulate  The molar ratio of POC to PON
29Comments   Field notes
 
Missing data values are represented by -9999

Example data records:

Trip_ID,Sample_date,Year,Month,Day,Season,Landuse,Station_ID,Stage,Discharge,T_stream,pH,Alkalinity,
NH4,NO3,PO4,TDN,TDP,Na,K,Mg,Ca,Fe,Chl_a,TSS,POC,PON,C_to_N_particulate,Comments
A,4/24/1994,1994,4,24,Wet,Forest,11,-9999,-9999,25,-9999,
-9999,-9999,4.46,0.2,-9999,-9999,118.75,40.41,84.74,75.6,-9999,0.181,4.64,0.92,0.07,15.37,-9999
A,4/24/1994,1994,4,24,Wet,Pasture,30,-9999,-9999,27,
-9999,-9999,-9999,4.53,0.28,-9999,-9999,91.78,54.99,74.87,91.32,-9999,0.415,14.78,1.45,0.12,13.89,-9999

File #5: ND03_Nova_Vida_Lysimeter_Data.csv

ColumnHeadingUnits/formatDescription
1Location Location where samples were collected. See Figure 2
2DateyyyymmddDate sample was collected in the field (yyyymmdd)
3Season Season of the year when sample was taken: Wet or Dry. Rainy season is typically from November to April
4Landuse Predominant land use in drainage area surrounding the sample location: Forest, Pasture, or Mixed
5Slope Topographic description of sample location: Forest, Upland, Floodplain, Pasture. See associated map of the sites
6Year_converted yyyyIf pasture, the year (yyyy) in which forest was converted to pasture. If still in forest, then Year_converted is zero (0)
7Pasture_age yearsIf pasture, the age of pasture when sample was collected, i.e. number of years since forest was converted to pasture; if still in forest, then Pasture_age is zero (0)
8Depthcm Depth of lysimeter in centimeters (cm)
9Rep Lysimeter identification within a location: Upland sites consist of 5 lysimeters at each depth (30 and 100cm). In the slope and floodplain sites there are 2 replicates per depth. Where necessary, samples from two lysimeters were combined to form a composite sample and both are identified
10NH4umol/L Concentration of ammonium in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
11NO3umol/L Concentration of nitrate in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
12PO4umol/L Concentration of phosphate (SRP) in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
13DIN_to_DIP Ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NH4 + NO3) to dissolved inorganic phosphorus (PO4)
14TDNumol/L Concentration of total dissolved nitrogen in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
15TDPumol/L Concentration of total dissolved phosphorus in micromoles per liter (umol/L)
16DONumol/L Concentration of dissolved organic nitrogen in micromoles per liter (umol/L), calculated as TDN minus sum of NH4 + NO3
17DOPumol/L Concentration of dissolved organic phosphorus in micromoles per liter (umol/L), calculated as TDP minus PO4
18Feppm Concentration of total dissolved iron in parts per million (ppm)
 
Missing data are represented as -9999
Values of 0.00 for concentrations represent below detection limit

Example data records:

Location,Date,Season,Landuse,Slope,Year_converted,Pasture_age,Depth,Rep,NH4,NO3,PO4,DIN_to_DIP,TDN,TDP,DON,DOP,Fe
Nova Vida,19970224,Wet,Pasture,Upland,1989,8,30,1,13.09,7.96,1.9,11.08,109.94,1.6,88.89,-9999,5.86
Nova Vida,19970224,Wet,Pasture,Upland,1989,8,30,2,-9999,1.88,-9999,-9999,451.85,14.02,-9999,-9999,-9999
...
Nova Vida,19980324,Wet,Forest,Slope,0,0,30,2,-9999,862.98,0.24,-9999,475.13,0.68,-9999,0.44,0.08
Nova Vida,19980324,Wet,Forest,Slope,0,0,100,1,12.92,219.26,0.22,1055.36,240.46,0.54,8.28,0.32,0.35
...
Nova Vida,20010823,Dry,Pasture,Floodplain,1989,11,30,1,1.03,0,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999
Nova Vida,20010823,Dry,Pasture,Floodplain,1989,11,100,1,1.11,0.64,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999

Site boundaries: (All latitude and longitude given in decimal degrees)

Site (Region) Westernmost Longitude Easternmost Longitude Northernmost Latitude Southernmost Latitude Geodetic Datum
 Rondonia - Fazenda Nova Vida (Rondonia) -62.811 -62.811 -10.156 -10.156 World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84)

Time period

Platform/Sensor/Parameters measured include:

Table 1. Streamwater sampling station descriptions including Study Area. See Figure 1 for locations.

Station No.Streamwater sampling station descriptions including Study Area
1Aldeia stream where it crosses BR-364
2Rio Valha me Deus where it crosses BR-364
3 Rio Quatro Cachoeiras where it crosses B-65
4 PVA1 Forest stream. Regular sampling station just inside forest
5 PVA1 Pasture stream. 1 km upstream of forest reserve. Old PVA1 pasture sampling location.
6 Aldeia stream at the bridge near Aldeia settlement
7 PVA2 Pasture stream at regular sampling location
8 PVA2 Forest stream at regular sampling location
9 Unnamed river just north of the intersection of BR-364 with B-80 (back road in to Rancho Grande). (Not on map. Contact L. Deegan or C.Neill for further information about the exact location.)
10 Rio Andira at BR-364
11 PVA2 forest stream at the PVA2 road crossing. Farther upstream in forest than regular station
12 PVA1 Pasture. Regular sampling station. Just upstream of where PVA1 pasture stream joins PVA1 forest stream
13 Unnamed pasture stream where it crosses BR-364 north of entrance to Retiro São Paulo
14 Unnamed stream where it crosses BR-364 just south of intersection with B-65.
15 Unnamed stream where it crosses BR-364 just south station 14
16 Stream on Rancho Grande property at marker No. 17 (Not on map. Contact C.Neill or L. Deegan for further information about the exact location.)
17 Rio dos Indios reached by trail on the Brad and Becky Stern property, off of C-20, near Rancho Grande. (Not on map. Contact C.Neill or L. Deegan for further information about the exact location.)
18 Rio dos Indios where it crosses C-20. (Not on map. Contact L. Deegan or C.Neill for further information about the exact location.)
19 Rio Quatro Cachoeiras where it crosses B-80. (Not on map. Contact C.Neill or L. Deegan for further information about the exact location.)
20 PVA1 Transition. Forest stream 1 km downstream from forest, by Aldeia road. A regular PVA1 sampling station
21 PVA1 Forest upstream dripper site, in forest
22 PVA1 Forest upstream hunting trail, in forest
23 PVA1 Forest 200 m downstream in pasture, dripper site
24 Aldeia stream, at 1983 pasture gate
25 Aldeia stream, at Retiro São Paulo bridge
26 PVA2 stream reached by driving into Retiro Pauldalho, and turning right across from Paudalho settlement
27 PVA2 pasture site on fazenda down PVA2 road. Through gate
28 PVA2 upstream pasture site, reached on foot by walking about 2K from regular PVA2 pasture site
29 PVA2 upstream of road crossing at Rio Andira. As of yet, we haven't found this station
30 PVA2 upstream of road crossing at Rio Andira through Nova Vida gate under power lines
31 PVA1 edge. 50m from forest edge.
32 PVA1 edge. Very near Station 32.
33 Immediately after the confluence of PVA1 pasture and forest streams (just after bridge and around the bend- in riparian trees)
34 Upstream of Sta. 12 in PVA1 pasture stream. Where we have done nutrient additions upstream of bridge.
35 Rio Quatro Cachoeiras behind house. Just off road. Easily accessible. Sampling point just after bridge over Rio QC.
36 1st order pasture stream in area where soils manipulations will occur.
37 1st order forest stream that crosses Aldeia-Pau D'Alho road and joins the Rio Valha me Deus.
38 1st order forest stream that crosses Aldeia-Pau D'Alho road and joins the Rio Valha me Deus.
39 1st order pasture stream that joins the Rio Valha me Deus.
40 1st order pasture stream that joins the PVA1 pasture stream.
41 1st order pasture stream that joins the Rio Valha me Deus (crosses main road into Retiro Pau D'Alho from BR-364).

3. Data Application and Derivation:

These data allow for direct comparisons of stream and soil water nutrient concentrations and other physiochemical characteristics between pasture and forest land uses and across wet and dry seasons. Sampling was done on streams of various orders allowing investigators to better understand the impacts of land use on stream nutrient dynamics at various scales.

4. Quality Assessment:

All data have been reviewed and checked for quality and no further changes to the data are anticipated.

5. Data Acquisition Materials and Methods:

Study area:
The data were collected from the Aldeia river network at Fazenda Nova Vida, a large cattle ranch 50 km from the city of Ariquemes, in central Rondonia. The climate of central Rondonia is humid tropical. Mean annual relative humidity is 89 percent, mean daily temperature is 25.6 degrees C, and mean daily temperature for the warmest and coolest months varies <5 degrees C (Bastos and Diniz, 1982). Rainfall averages 2.2 m/yr with a distinct dry season during June-October and a rainy season stretching from November-May. Rainfall averages more than 300 mm per month in the wettest four months (December-March) and less than 40 mm per month during the driest three months (June-August) (Bastos and Diniz, 1982).

The river network consists of first to fourth order streams in a mix of forest and pasture. Terrain was gently rolling, with low-gradient, second-order, clear-water streams draining the basins. Streams of second-order and higher had flowing water through all but the severest dry periods.

Forest in the cleared basins was converted directly to pasture by cutting, burning, and planting pasture grasses in the same year. Brush was cut in March, large trees were felled in June or July, slash was burned in late August or September, and the pasture grass Brachiara brizantha [Hochst] Stapf was seeded during December or January. Pastures were not cultivated, nor were they amended with fertilizer or lime. Pastures were actively grazed beginning approximately one year after forest clearing and stocked throughout this study at 1-1.5 animals/ha. Pasture stream channels were bordered by uplands planted to B. brizantha and had only scattered trees in the riparian zone. Pasture stream channels typically contained wetland grasses (Paspallum spp.), which sometimes form floating mats that covered most of the stream channel.

Descriptions of intensively studied streams:

In two watersheds (referred to as PVA1 and PVA2), two smaller (2nd order) drainage basins, one with forest cover and one with pasture cover, were identified and paired: PVA1-Forest4 with PVA1-Pasture12 and PVA2-Forest8 with PVA2-Pasture7. PVA1, a third-order stream (PVA1-Pasture 25) that was the confluence of the second-order forest and pasture streams, was also intensively studied.

Stream physical characterization:

In PVA 1, stream physical characteristics were measured in a one-time synoptic survey during the dry seasons, June-August, of 1998 and 1999 in representative reaches of 800 m (forest stream; PVA1-Forest4), 500 m (second-order pasture stream; PVA1-Pasture12) and 760 m (third-order pasture stream; PVA1-Pasture25) that had no obvious tributaries or other obvious surface water inputs. The second- and third-order streams were marked at 20 m intervals and sampling stations were assigned, relative to the location at 0 m, at -260, 40, 60, 100, 140, 200, 320, 560, and 800 m for the second-order forest stream, -90, 30, 50, 80, 126, 232, and 500 m for the second-order pasture stream, and at -90, 40, 60, 100, 195, 460, and 760 m for the third-order pasture stream.

In the pasture streams, cross sections were at 10 m intervals from the 0 m station to the 100 m station, every 20 m between the 100 m and 200 m stations, and every 40 m downstream of the 200 m station. Additional cross sections were measured at the designated stations and 5 m and 10 m up and downstream of the designated stations (N=45 cross sections in second-order and 39 in third-order pasture streams). Percent cover by substrate type for each cross section was the total number of occurrences of each substrate type divided by the total number of occurrences of all substrate types. Mean percent cover for the stream reach of each substrate type was determined by averaging the percent for each cross section.

Stream Discharge:

Stream discharge is calculated from measurements of stream flow rate (measured with a propeller flow probe) and stream depth (Hauer and Lamberti, 1996).

Streamwater Collection and Analysis Methods:

Between 1994 and 2001 at each station the following samples were collected and analyzed as described.

Derived value notes:

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus ratios (DIN:DIP) was calculated as (nitrate + ammonium)/phosphate.
Dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus (DON and DOP) were calculated from the difference between TDN and TDP and inorganic N and P, respectively.

Sample collections:

At each streamwater sampling location, in a 1L Nalgene bottle, collect a streamwater sample by first rinsing the bottle with streamwater three times and then filling, avoiding surface material and other ‘floaters’.

Ammonium (NH4+) Collection and Analysis

Field- From the 1L Nalgene bottle, pour a subsample into a rinsed cup from which approximately 20 mL is extracted with a 60 mL syringe. This volume of water is used to rinse the syringe. Draw streamwater into the syringe and filter the sample through a filter holder loaded with a 25 mm diameter ashed GFF filter. The first 10 mL is passed through the filter to remove any impurities on the holder or filter. Another 10 mL or so is used to rinse the clean, acid-washed 60 mL bottle. Then filter 50 mL into the rinsed bottle. Add 1 mL of 6N HCl. Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using the phenol-hypochlorite method (Alpkem Corporation, Method No. A303-S020-02), samples were run using an Alpkem colorimetric autoanalyzer.

Nitrate (NO3-) Collection and Analysis

Field- From the 1L Nalgene bottle, pour a subsample into a rinsed cup from which approximately 20 mL is extracted with a 60 mL syringe. This volume of water is used to rinse the syringe. Draw streamwater into the syringe and filter the sample through a filter holder loaded with a 25 mm diameter ashed GFF filter. The first 10 mL is passed through the filter to remove any impurities on the holder or filter. Another 10 mL or so is used to rinse the clean, 60 mL acid-washed bottle. Then filter 50 mL into the rinsed bottle. Add 1 mL of 6N HCl to the bottle. Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using the cadmium reduction method (Alpkem Corporation, Method No. A303-S171-09), samples were run using an Alpkem colorimetric autoanalyzer.

Phosphate (PO4-3) Collection and Analysis

Field- From the 1L Nalgene bottle, pour a subsample into a rinsed cup from which approximately 20 mL is extracted with a 60 mL syringe. This volume of water is used to rinse the syringe. Draw streamwater into the syringe and filter the sample through a filter holder loaded with a 25 mm diameter ashed GFF filter. The first 10 mL is passed through the filter to remove any impurities on the holder or filter. Another 10 mL or so is used to rinse the clean, 60 mL acid-washed bottle. Then filter 50 mL into the rinsed bottle. Add 1 mL of 6N HCl to the bottle. Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using the antimony/molybdate and ascorbic acid method (Alpkem Corporation, Method No. A303-S200-00), samples were run using an Alpkem colorimetric autoanalyzer.

Cations (Mg, Na, K, Ca, Fe) Collection and Analysis

From the 1L Nalgene bottle, pour a subsample into a rinsed cup from which approximately 20 mL is extracted with a 60 mL syringe. This volume of water is used to rinse the syringe. Draw streamwater into the syringe and filter the sample through a filter holder loaded with a 25 mm diameter ashed GFF filter. The first 10 mL is passed through the filter to remove any impurities on the holder or filter. Another 10 mL or so is used to rinse the clean, acid-washed 60 mL bottle. Then filter 50 mL into the rinsed bottle. Add 1 mL of 6N HCl to the bottle. Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using an air/acetylene flame, read cation absorptions using a flame spectrometer.

Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) Collection and Analysis

Field- From the 1L Nalgene bottle, pour a subsample into a rinsed cup from which approximately 20 mL is extracted with a 60 mL syringe. This volume of water is used to rinse the syringe. Draw streamwater into the syringe and filter the sample through a filter holder loaded with a 25 mm diameter ashed GFF filter. The first 10 mL is passed through the filter to remove any impurities on the holder or filter. Another 10 mL or so is used to rinse the clean, 60 mL acid-washed bottle. Then filter 50 mL into the rinsed bottle. Store in a cooler until the sample can be frozen.

Laboratory- Using an alkaline persulfate matrix, digest sample (method 4500-Norg Dc) and analyze for nitrate.

Total Dissolved Phosphorus (TDP) Collection and Analysis

Field- From the 1L Nalgene bottle, pour a subsample into a rinsed cup from which approximately 20 mL is extracted with a 60 mL syringe. This volume of water is used to rinse the syringe. Draw streamwater into the syringe and filter the sample through a filter holder loaded with a 25 mm diameter ashed GFF filter. The first 10 mL is passed through the filter to remove any impurities on the holder or filter. Another 10 mL or so is used to rinse the clean, 60 mL acid-washed bottle. Then filter 50 mL into the rinsed bottle. Add 1 mL of 6N HCl to the bottle. Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using an acidic persulfate matrix, digest sample (Koroleff 1983) and analyze for phosphate.

Chlorophyll (Chl) Collection and Analysis

Field- Into a vacuum filtration setup, filter up to 500 mL of streamwater through a 47 mm diameter ashed GFF filter. Release vacuum and fold filter in quarters and wrap in aluminum foil. Keep as cool as possible until sample can be frozen. (At present, the sample wrapped in foil is placed in a small plastic ziplock bag that is then placed directly into a container filled with ice.)

Laboratory- Extract chlorophyll from filter with 95% buffered acetone overnight (Strickland and Parsonse) and analyze the extract the following day using a fluorometer. Final extract concentrations should take into account background matrix and phaophytin fluorescence.

NOTE: These following steps are done in the lab with 1L of unfiltered streamwater collected and kept in a cooler for transport to the laboratory.

pH and Alkalinity Collection and Analysis

Field- In a 1L Nalgene bottle, collect a streamwater sample by first rinsing the bottle with streamwater three times and then filling the bottle to the top (without bubbles), avoiding surface material and other ‘floaters’. Place bottle in a dark cooler with ice until return to the laboratory.

Field Laboratory- The cooled sample is allowed to return to room temperature. pH is measured with a calibrated pH probe and then the sample is titrated to pH 4.5 and pH 4.2 using a Hach titrator with 0.16N H2SO4. Alkalinity is calculated using the equation (2A-B) * 0.1= Alkalinity, where A is the number of titration units to pH 4.5 and B is the number of titration units to pH 4.2 (this includes the previous titration units as well).

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Collection and Analysis

Field- In a 1L Nalgene bottle, collect a streamwater sample by first rinsing the bottle with streamwater three times and then filling the bottle, avoiding surface material and other ‘floaters’. Place bottle in a dark cooler with ice until return to the field laboratory.

Field Laboratory- Using a vacuum filtration setup, filter streamwater through a weighed (to 4 places) and ashed 25 mm diameter GFF filter.
Pass as much water as possible through the filter until it clogs. Record the volume of filtrate and the weight of the filter. Air dry the filter. After the sample is returned to the lab, dry at 50ºC for 24 hours and reweigh filter to 4 places.

Particulate Organic Nitrogen and Carbon (PON/POC) Collection and Analysis

Field- In a 1L Nalgene bottle, collect a streamwater sample by first rinsing the bottle with streamwater three times and then filling the bottle, avoiding surface material and other ‘floaters’.
Place bottle in a dark cooler with ice until return to the field laboratory.

Field Laboratory- Follow the instructions for filtering the Total Suspended Solids sample (presently, a double vacuum setup is being used, with the vacuum being produced by a peristaltic pump), with the exception that this GFF filter does NOT need to be weighed. Dry the filter as above. Back at the lab, the filter can be dried (as above) and packaged for analysis on a carbon/nitrogen analyzer.

Laboratory- Pack the dried filter in an aluminum circle wrap (follow machine-specific directions). Run the samples in a carbon-nitrogen detector to determine carbon and nitrogen concentrations.

Soil Solution Sample Collection with Tension Lysimeters and Analysis Methods:

Soil solution was collected from tension lysimeters (Soil Moisture Equipment, Goleta, California, USA) installed in 30 cm and 100 cm pairs at each site in September 1996 as shown in Figure 2.

Pumping

Lysimeters should be vacuum-pumped 24 to 48 hours before the anticipated collection (vacuum pressure to be used: 45 psi).

Remove any standing water in the lysimeter and check the clamps, tubing, and cap for signs of wear and damage.

Collection

Remove the lysimeter cap and insert the glass rod connected to the suction assembly. If the lysimeter has water, suction a small amount into the collection bottle and rinse. Suction the remaining water from the lysimeter into the collection bottle. Transfer the contents of the collection bottle to the two 50 mL sample bottles. First collect for nutrients, cations, and TDP and if there is sample remaining, collect for TDN and anions.

Rinse the suction assembly with DI to prepare for the next lysimeter.

Back at the truck, preserve the nutrient/cation sample with 6N HCl in the same amount as the regular water samples (e.g., for a 50 mL sample, use 1 mL of 6N HCl). This sample gets refrigerated. The TDN/TDP sample treated the same as regular water sample TDN/TDP’s- frozen.

Ammonium (NH4+) Collection and Analysis

Field- Collect as described above and preserve with HCl (Add 1 mL of 6N HCl for 50 mL). Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using the phenol-hypochlorite method (Alpkem Corporation, Method No. A303-S020-02), samples were run using an Alpkem colorimetric autoanalyzer.

Nitrate (NO3-) Collection and Analysis

Field- Collect as described above and preserve with HCl (Add 1 mL of 6N HCl for 50 mL). Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using the cadmium reduction method (Alpkem Corporation, Method No. A303-S171-09), samples were run using an Alpkem colorimetric autoanalyzer.

Phosphate (PO4-3) Collection and Analysis

Field- Collect as described above and preserve with HCl (Add 1 mL of 6N HCl for 50 mL). Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using the antimony/molybdate and ascorbic acid method (Alpkem Corporation, Method No. A303-S200-00), samples were run using an Alpkem colorimetric autoanalyzer.

Cations (Mg, Na, K, Ca, Fe) Collection and Analysis

Field- Collect as described above and preserve with HCl (Add 1mL of 6N HCl for 50 mL).Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using an air/acetylene flame, read cation absorptions using a flame spectrometer.

Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) Collection and Analysis

Field- Collect as described above but do not preserve. Store in a cooler until the sample can be frozen.

Laboratory- Using an alkaline persulfate matrix, digest sample (method 4500-Norg Dc) and analyze for nitrate.

Total Dissolved Phosphorus (TDP) Collection and Analysis

Field- Collect as described above and preserve with HCl (Add 1mL of 6N HCl for 50 mL). Cap, shake, and store in a cooler until the sample can be refrigerated.

Laboratory- Using an acidic persulfate matrix, digest sample (Koroleff 1983) and analyze for phosphate.

6. Data Access:

This data is available through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).

Data Archive Center:

Contact for Data Center Access Information:
E-mail: uso@daac.ornl.gov
Telephone: +1 (865) 241-3952

7. References:

Alpkem Corporation. RFA Methodology Handbook. 1987. College Station, Texas.

Bastos, T.X. and T.D. Diniz. 1982. Avaliacao de clima do Estados de Rondonia para Desenvolvimento Agricola. Boletim de pesquisa No. 44. EMBRAPA-CPATU: Belem PA.

Eaton, A.D., L.S. Clesceri and A.E. Greenberg. 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA.

Garcia-Montiel, D., C. Neill, J.M. Melillo, S.M. Thomas, P.A.Steudler and C.C. Cerri. 2000. Soil phosphorus transformations after forest clearing for pasture in the Brazilian Amazon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64: 1792-1804.

Hauer, F.R. and G.A. Lamberti. 1996. Methods in Stream Ecology. Academic Press, New York.

Koroleff. F. 1983. Determination of total phosphorus by acid persulfate oxidation. Pages 134-136in K. Grasshoff, M. Erhardt and K. Kremling, editors. Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim Germany.

Moraes, J., C.C. Cerri, J.M. Melillo, D. Kicklighter, C. Neill, D.L. Skole and P.A. Steudler. 1995. Soil carbon stocks of the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 59: 244-247.

Moraes, J.F.L., B. Volkoff, M. Bernoux and C. Cerri. 1996. Soil properties under Amazon forest and changes due to pasture installation in Rondonia (Brazil). Geoderma 70: 63-81.

Neill, C., M.C. Piccolo, P.A. Steudler, J.M. Melillo, .J. Feigl and C.C. Cerri. 1995. Nitrogen dynamics in soils of forests and active pastures in the western Brazilian Amazon Basin. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 1167-1175.

Perkin Elmer Corporation. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. 1982. Norwalk, Connecticut.

Pires, J.M. and G.T. Prance. 1986. The vegetation types of the Brazilian Amazon. In Key Environments: Amazonia. Prance GT and Lovejoy TM (eds). Pergamon Press: Oxford; 109-129.

Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons. 1972. A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Ottawa.

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