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Summary:
The provided data were generated by the Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) terrestrial ecosystem model using data from the East Anglia Climate Research Unit climate record for the years 1921-1998. Data are included for the annual net ecosystem exchange of the surface, microbial respiration, root respiration, total soil respiration, soil moisture, leaf area index, drainage, and surface and subsurface runoff, for the entire Amazon and Tocantins basins.
The data files are provided in netCDF format and standard ESRI ARCGIS ARC/INFO ASCIIGRID format. The netCDF files consist of either annual or monthly means from 1921 to 1998. The ASCII files are available only for the annual mean files.
Figure 1. Amazon and Tocantins drainage basins with % of total area by country. Total area is 68.9 x 105 km2.
Data Citation:
Cite this data set as follows:
Botta, A., N. Ramankutty, and J.A. Foley. 2012. LBA-ECO LC-04 IBIS Model Simulations for the Amazon and Tocantins Basins: 1921-1998. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1139
Implementation of the LBA Data and Publication Policy by Data Users:
The LBA Data and Publication Policy [http://daac.ornl.gov/LBA/lba_data_policy.html] is in effect for a period of five (5) years from the date of archiving and should be followed by data users who have obtained LBA data sets from the ORNL DAAC. Users who download LBA data in the five years after data have been archived must contact the investigators who collected the data, per provisions 6 and 7 in the Policy.
This data set was archived in December of 2012. Users who download the data between December 2012 and November 2017 must comply with the LBA Data and Publication Policy.
Data users should use the Investigator contact information in this document to communicate with the data provider. Alternatively, the LBA Web Site [http://lba.inpa.gov.br/lba/] in Brazil will have current contact information.
Data users should use the Data Set Citation and other applicable references provided in this document to acknowledge use of the data.
Related data sets:
- Foley, J.A., C.J. Kucharik, and D. Polzin. 2005. Integrated Biosphere Simulator Model (IBIS), Version 2.5. Model product. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/808.
- Coe, M.T., M.H. Costa, A. Botta, and C. Birkett. 2012. LBA-ECO LC-04 THMB Model Simulations for the Amazon and Tocantins Basins: 1939-1998. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1138
Table of Contents:
- 1 Data Set Overview
- 2 Data Characteristics
- 3 Applications and Derivation
- 4 Quality Assessment
- 5 Acquisition Materials and Methods
- 6 Data Access
- 7 References
Project: LBA (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in the Amazon)
Activity: LBA-ECO
LBA Science Component: Land Use and Land Cover
Team ID: LC-04 (Foley / Costa)
The investigators were Foley, Jonathan A.; Costa, Marcos Heil; Botta, Aurelie; Cardille, Jeffrey Alan; Coe, Michael T. and Lenters, John D. You may contact Botta, Aurelie (adbotta@facstaff.wisc.edu) and Diosana, Carmela (ccdiosana@facstaff.wisc.edu).
LBA Data Set Inventory ID: LC04_IBIS_Model
The provided data were generated by the Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) terrestrial ecosystem model using data from the East Anglia Climate Research Unit climate record for the years 1921-1998. Data are included for the annual net ecosystem exchange of the surface, microbial respiration, root respiration, total soil respiration, soil moisture, leaf area index, drainage, and surface and subsurface runoff, for the entire Amazon and Tocantins basins.
2. Data Characteristics:
The data files are provided in netCDF, and ASCII formats.
The ASCII files are in standard ESRI ARCGIS ARC/INFO ASCIIGRID format.
-
The spatial resolution is 0.5 x 0.5 degrees covering the domain 80W/45W,
6N/21S.
- Because CRU climate records are not reliable prior to 1930, we
would advise only using results from years 1935-1995 (allowing for a 5-year
characteristic time-scale of the deep soil).
net CDF Files:
The netCDF files consist of either annual or monthly means from
1921 to 1998 in consecutive order. The ASCII files are available only for the
annual mean files.
- The time column in the netCDF files states whether the
file is annual mean or monthly mean. This does not exist in the ASCII data
files because it is not part of standard ESRI ASCIIGRID format.
- The
column labeled "nb" is the number of time layers in the file. Therefore, for an
annual file, nb=78 indicates 78 years of data from 1921-1998. For a monthly
file, nb=936 (75 years x 12 months), starting in 1921 and ending in 1998.
-
The outputs are stored in netCDF format (.nc) compressed using gzip.
ASCII Files:
The ASCII files are the annual average (one value per year derived from monthly means). For example, awc.asc is in centimeters per year (cm/yr) and is one value for year derived from a mean of 12 monthly values.
Annual mean ASCII files
| File Name | Units/format | Description |
|---|---|---|
| aet.asc | mm/yr | Annual average evapo-transpiration, 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| awc.asc | cm | Annual average plant available water content, derived from a mean of 12 monthly values,78 years: 1921-1998 |
| co2mic.asc | kg-C/m2 | Annual total microbial respiration carbon, 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| co2root.asc | kg-C/m2 | Annual total root respiration carbon, 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| co2soi.asc | kg-C/m2 | Annual total soil respiration carbon, 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| drainage.asc | mm/yr | Annual drainage (subsurface runoff), 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| gpptot.asc | kg-C/m2 | Annual total gross primary productivity of carbon, 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| irdown.asc | W/m2 | Annual average infrared radiation downward, 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| irup.asc | W/m2 | Annual average infrared radiation upward, 78 years 1921-1998 |
| lail.asc | m2/m2 * | Monthly average leaf area index for lower canopies, average for 12 months x 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| laiu.asc | m2/m2* | Annual average leaf area index for upper canopies, average for 12 months x 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| latent.asc | W/m2 | Monthly average latent heat flux, average for 12 months x 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| neetot.asc | kg-C/m2 | Annual total net ecosystem exchange carbon, 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| npptot.asc | kg-C/m2 | Annual total net primary productivity of carbon, 78 years: 1921-1998. Note: this is not the average for 12 months; it is the total for 12 months or 1 year |
| sens.asc | W/m2 | Annual average sensible heat flux |
| srunoff.asc | mm/yr | Annual surface runoff, 78 years, 1921-1998 |
| trunoff.asc | mm/yr | Annual average total runoff (surface plus sub-surface), derived from a mean of 12 monthly values, 78 years: 1921-1998 |
| tsoi.asc | degrees C | Annual average annual soil temperature |
| vwc.asc | fraction | Annual volumetric water content average derived from a mean of 12 monthly values |
| wisoi.asc | fraction | Annual soil ice average derived from a mean of 12 monthly values |
| wsoi.asc | fraction | Annual soil moisture derived from a mean of 12 monthly values |
| * LAI units were not specified but appear to be m2/m2 with a range of 0-8 for both upper and lower canopies | ||
Example Data Records(aet.asc)
| ncols 70 nrows 54 xllcorner -80.0000 yllcorner -21.0000 cellsize 0.500000 NODATA_value -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 - 999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 3.332 3.589 4.071 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 3.223 3.592 3.821 4.751 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 -999.000 |
Annual netCDF files
| File Name | Units/format | Description |
|---|---|---|
| aeta.nc | mm/year | aet: annual average evapo-transpiration |
| biomassa.nc | kg-C/m2 | biomass: annual biomass of carbon for each plant
functional type totbiou: annual biomass of carbon for upper canopy totbio: annual biomass of carboy for lower canopy |
| co2fa.nc | kg-C/m2 | gpptot: annual total gross primary productivity of
carbon neetot: annual total net ecosystem exchange carbon co2mic: annual total microbial respiration carbon co2root: annual total root respiration carbon co2soi: annual total soil respiration carbon |
| csoia.nc | kg-C/m2 | rootbio: annual total alive root biomass
carbon totalit: annual total above ground litter carbon totrli: annual total below ground litter carbon totcsoi: annual total soil carbon without litter totcmic: annual total microbial carbon |
| fcovera.nc | fraction | fu: annual fractional cover of the upper canopy fi: annual fractional cover of lower canopy |
| firea.nc | fraction kg-C/m2/yr |
disturbf: annual burned fraction of the
grid-cell cdisturb: annual total carbon lost from fire |
| ira.nc | W/m2 | irup: annual average infrared radiation
upward irdown: annual average infrared radiation downward |
| latena.nc | W/m2 |
latent: annual average latent heat flux |
| sensa.nc | W/m2 | sens: monthly average sensible heat flux |
| vegtypea.nc | number | vegtype0: annual vegetation type – ibis classification |
Monthly mean netCDF files
| File Name | Units/format | Description |
|---|---|---|
| aetam.nc | mm/year | aet: annual monthly average evapo-transpiration |
| co2fm.nc | kg-C/m2 | gpptot: annual monthly total gross primary productivity
of carbon neetot: annual monthly total net ecosystem exchange carbon co2mic: annual monthly total microbial respiration carbon co2root: annual monthly total root respiration carbon co2soi: annual monthly total soil respiration carbon |
| gpptotm.nc | kg-C/m2/month | gpptot: monthly total gross primary productivity of carbon |
| irm.nc | W/m2 | irdown: monthly average infrared radiation
downward irup: monthly average infrared radiation upward |
| laim.nc | m2/m2* | laiu: monthly average leaf area index for upper
canopies lail: monthly average leaf area index for lower canopies |
| latentm.nc | W/m2 | latent: monthly average latent heat flux |
| npptotm.nc | kg-C/m2/month | npptot: monthly total net primary productivity of carbon |
| runoffm.nc | mm/day | turnoff: monthly average total runoff (surface plus
sub-surface) srunoff: monthly average surface runoff drainage: monthly average drainage (sub-surface) |
| sensm.nc | W/m2 | sens: monthly average sensible heat flux |
| tsoim.nc | degrees C | dsoi: monthly average soil temperature |
| wsoim.nc | fraction cm |
wsoi: monthly average soil moisture sisoi: monthly average soil ice vwc: monthly volumetric water content awc: monthly average plant available water content |
| * LAI units were not specified but appear to be m2/m2 with a range of 0-8 for both upper and lower canopies. | ||
Data Center Note: This data set was documented from http://www.sage.wisc.edu/download/LBA.lba.html/LBA-IBIS.zip. From this zip file distribution, the following files were found to be unreadable, and therefore are not included in this data set:
| Compressed File Name/Expanded File Name | Units/format | Description |
|---|---|---|
| NPPA.GZ/npp.nc npp npptot anpptot |
kg-C/m2/yr | npp: annual net primary productivity of carbon for each pft |
| npptot: annual total npp | ||
| anpptot: annual total above-ground npp | ||
| PLAIA.GZ/plai.nc totlaiu totlail |
totlaiu: annual leaf area index for upper canopy | |
| totlail: annual leaf area index for lower canopy | ||
| RUNOFFA.GZ/runoff.nc trunoff srunoff drainage rratio tratio |
mm/yr | trunoff: annual total runoff (surface plus sub-surface) |
| srunoff: annual surface runoff | ||
| drainage:annual drainage (subsurface runoff) | ||
| fraction | rratio: annual average runoff/aet ratio | |
| tratio: annual average transpiration/aet ratio | ||
| WSOIA.GZ/wsoi.nc wsoi wisoi vwc awc |
fraction | wsoi: annual average soil moisture |
| wisoi: annual average soil ice | ||
| vwc: annual average volumetric water content | ||
| cm | awc: annual average plant available water content |
Site boundaries: (All latitude and longitude given in decimal degrees)
| Site (Region) | Westernmost Longitude | Easternmost Longitude | Northernmost Latitude | Southernmost Latitude | Geodetic Datum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amazon Basin (Amazon Basin) | -80 | -45 | 6 | -21 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
Time period:
- The data set covers the period 1921/01/01 to 1998/12/31.
- Temporal Resolution: Monthly and Annual
Platform/Sensor/Parameters measured include:
- COMPUTER MODEL / ANALYSIS / BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
- COMPUTER MODEL / ANALYSIS / CARBON DIOXIDE
- COMPUTER MODEL / ANALYSIS / FIRE OCCURRENCE
- COMPUTER MODEL / ANALYSIS / PRIMARY PRODUCTION
3. Data Application and Derivation:
This data set can be used as input, development, and validation of similar models.
4. Quality Assessment:
The CRU05 data set before 1935 contains a gap in the data for the Amazon basin, so this study focused on data from 1935-1995 (allowing for a 5-year characteristic time-scale of the deep soil). The CRU05 data were analyzed by Botta, Ramankutty, and Foley (2002).
Because CRU climate records are not reliable prior to 1930, we would advise only using results from years 1935-1995 (allowing for a 5-year characteristic time-scale of the deep soil).
These data files are generated by numerical models, therefore their accuracy is dependent on the assumptions applied in these models.
5. Data Acquisition Materials and Methods:
IBIS is a terrestrial biosphere model designed to simulate a variety of ecosystem processes:
- energy, water, and carbon dioxide exchange between plants, the atmosphere, and the soil
- physiological processes of plants and soil organisms, including photosynthesis and respiration
- seasonal changes of vegetation, including spring budburst, fall senescence, and winter dormancy
- plant growth and plant competition
- nutrient cycling and soil processes
For this study, long-term climate records for the Amazon basin were linked to IBIS in order to examine long-term variations in the basin-wide carbon balance.
The data provided were generated by IBIS (Foley et al. 1996, Kucharik et al. 2000) using data from the CRU05 climate record for the years 1921-1998 (New et al. 2000). However, the CRU05 data set before 1935 contains a gap in the data for the Amazon basin, so this study focused on data from 1935-1995.
Data were generated for the annual net ecosystem exchange of the surface, microbial respiration, root respiration, total soil respiration, soil moisture, leaf area index, drainage, surface and subsurface runoff, for the entire Amazon and Tocantins basins.
6. Data Access:
This data is available through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
Data Archive Center:
Contact for Data Center Access Information:
E-mail: uso@daac.ornl.gov
Telephone:
+1 (865) 241-3952
References
Botta, A., N. Ramankutty, and J.A. Foley. 2002. Long-term variations of climate and carbon fluxes over the Amazon basin. Geophysical Research Letters 29(9):Article-1319.
Foley, J.A., I.C. Prentice, N. Ramankutty, S. Levis, D. Pollard,
S. Sitch, and A. Haxeltine. 1996. An integrated biosphere model of land surface
processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles 10(4):603-628.
Kucharik, C.J., J.A. Foley, C.
Delire, V.A. Fisher, M.T. Coe, J.D. Lenters, C. Young-Molling, N. Ramankutty,
J.M. Norman, and S.T. Gower. 2000. Testing the performance of a Dynamic Global
Ecosystem Model: Water balance, carbon balance, and vegetation structure.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14(3):795-825.
New, Mark, Mike Hulme, and
Phil Jones. 2000. Representing Twentieth-Century Space-Time Climate
Variability. Part II: Development of 1901-96 Monthly Grids of Terrestrial
Surface Climate. Journal of Climate 13:2217-2238.