The Site Averaged AMS Data: 1987 (Betts) data set contains the site-averaged product of the Portable Automatic Meteorological Station (AMS) data acquired during the 1987-1989 FIFE experiment. Data are in 30-minute time intervals in 1987.
SITE AVERAGED AMS DATA: 1987 (BETTS).
This data set is a site-averaged product of the Portable Automatic Meteorological Station (AMS) data acquired during the 1987-1989 FIFE experiment. The raw data have been extensively cleaned and edited before the site average was generated. The center of the FIFE 15x15 km site is close to 39.05þN, 96.53þW.
The 3 years of data were acquired and processed separately over a period of several years; and as a result there are a few differences in the 87 product and in the underlying methodology.
The 1987 data was downloaded piecemeal (by 2400 baud modem!) from the FIFE information center, edited and merged. Subsequently the 1988 data was retrieved from the FIFE CD ROM Volume1; and the 1989 data was retrieved directly from the Oak Ridge DAAC. As our computers have improved by more than an order of magnitude in speed and disc space during the processing period, the 1989 data received a more uniform processing than the 1987. All the originating data however should correspond to that in the group 8, "Surface Meteorological Measurements (SUR_MET)" or FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1, dated May 22, 1994, FIS Data Base Table "AMS_DATA_8x".
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Air Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure, Longwave Radiation, Precipitation Rate, Reflectance, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Temperature, Solar Radiation, Surface Temperature, and Surface Wind Speed/Direction.
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Alan K. Betts and John H. Ball
Atmospheric Research
Telephone: (802) 483-2087
Fax: (802) 483-6167
Email: akbetts@aol.com
FIFE Follow-On.
ORNL DAAC User Services Office
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: 1-(865)-241-3952
Fax: 1-(865)-574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
You may use these files freely. Please send Alan Betts (akbetts@aol.com) an e-mail if you do, so he can notify you of any updates. Please notify both Alan Betts and the ORNL DAAC of any errors you find.
This data processing was supported by NASA under Contract NAS5-32356 to Alan Betts, and an acknowledgment of the years of work that went into the production of these files would be appreciated in publications based substantially on them.
The FIFE CD-ROM can be cited as D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (1994), Collected Data of The First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets.
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Ground-based.
Meteorological Station.
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The FIFE site, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
The center of the FIFE 15 x 15 km site is close to 39.05þN, 96.53þW.
The distribution of stations during the data collection period is listed below. Only 12 sitegrids were instrumented with the AMS equipment in 1987. At two of these sitegrids additional instruments measuring radiation were also installed.
SITEGRID STATION_ID SITEGRID STATION_ID SITEGRID STATION_ID
0847-SAM 52 2428-PAM 3 4609-PAM 17 0847-SDC 29 3221-PAM 7 6469-PAM 23 1563-PAM 27 4168-SAM 51 6912-PAM 19 2123-SAM 5 4168-SDC 25 8639-SAM 21 2139-PAM 31 4439-PAM 11
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These are point data.
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This data set contains data from May 1, 1987 through December 31, 1987.
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The time interval of the year is broken down into 30 minute intervals. There is one variable sample at each 30 minute time interval so in a LEAP (NOTE 1988) there are 366 x 48 = 17658 time intervals. This field in the database in named "YSq#" (Yearly Sequence #) and makes a convenient linear time scale; in addition to day and UTC.
Table 1. contains a summary of the variables in this data set.
Table 1. Variable Description Variable Name Long Name SAS Type Description
1 Ysq_no 8 "Time interval of the year broken down into 30-minute intervals" 2 date OBS_DATE 8 "Observation date (mm/dd/yyyy)" 3 Jul_Date 8 "Julian date (day of year 1-366)" 4 utc 8 "Decimal time" 5 P ATMOSPHERIC_PRESSURE 8 "Average atmospheric pressure (mbar)" 6 P_k 8 "Number of sites included in atmospheric pressure average" 7 P_s 8 "Atmospheric pressure standard deviation (mbar)" 8 T DRY_BULB_TEMPERATURE 8 "Average dry bulb temperature (degrees C)" 9 T_k 8 "Number of sites included in average dry bulb temperature (T)" 10 T_s 8 "Dry bulb temperature standard deviation" 11 Tw WET_BULB_TEMPERATURE 8 "Average wet bulb temperature (degrees C)" 12 Tw_k 8 "Number of sites included in average wet bulb temperature (T)" 13 Tw_s 8 "Wet bulb temperature standard deviation" 14 Rain30 RAINFALL_RATE(*) 8 "Average rainfall rate for 30-minutes (Rain30)" 15 Rain30_k 8 "Number of sites included in average 30 minute rainfall rate (Rain30)" 16 Rain30_s 8 "Standard deviation of average 30 minute rainfall rate (Rain30)" 17 U U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC 8 "Average U component of wind velocity (m/s)" 18 U_k 8 "Number of sites included in average U component wind velocity (U)" 19 U_s 8 "Standard deviation of U component wind velocity (U)" 20 V V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC 8 "Average V component of wind velocity (m/s)" 21 V_k 8 "Number of sites included in average V component wind velocity (V)" 22 V_s 8 "Standard deviation of V component wind velocity (V)" 23 Tsurf SURF_TEMP 8 "Average surface temperature (degrees C)" 24 Tsurf_k 8 "Number of sites included in average surface temperature (Tsurf)" 25 Tsurf_s 8 "Standard deviation of surface temperature (Tsurf)" 26 Tsoil10 SOIL_TEMP_10CM 8 "Average soil temperature at 10 cm (degrees C)" 27 Tsoil10k 8 "Number of sites included in average soil temperature at 10 cm (Tsoil10)" 28 Tsoil10s 8 "Standard deviation of soil temperature at 10 cm (Tsoil10)" 29 Tsoil50 SOIL_TEMP_50CM 8 "Average soil temperature at 50 cm (degrees C)" 30 Tsoil50k 8 "Number of sites included in average soil temperature at 50 cm (Tsoil50)" 31 Tsoil50s 8 "Standard deviation of soil temperature at 50 cm (Tsoil50)" 32 SolDn TOTAL_INCIDENT_RADTN 8 "Average total incident radiation (W/m2)" 33 SolDn_k 8 "Number of sites included in total incident radiation average (SolDn)" 34 SolDn_s 8 "Standard deviation of average total incident radiation (SolDn)" 35 SolRef SHORTWAVE_SOLAR_REFL 8 "Average shortwave solar reflectance (W/m2)" 36 SolRef_k 8 "Number of sites included in average shortwave solar reflectance (SolRef)" 37 SolRef_s 8 "Standard deviation of average shortwave solar reflectance (SolRef)" 38 Rnet NET_RADTN 8 "Average net radiation (W/m2)" 39 Rnet_k 8 "Number of sites included in average net radiation (Rnet)" 40 Rnet_s 8 "Standard deviation of average net radiation (Rnet)" 41 IRDn INCIDENT_LONGWAVE_RADTN 8 "Average incident longwave radiation (W/m2)" 42 IRDn_k 8 "Number of sites included in average incident longwave radiation (IRDn)" 43 IRDn_s 8 "Standard deviation of average incident longwave radiation (IRDn)" 44 Q 8 "Average mixing ratio" 45 Q_k 8 "Number of sites included in average mixing ratio (Q)" 46 Q_s 8 "Standard deviation of average mixing ratio (Q)" 47 ToCldoct 8 "Average total cloud cover (octas)" 48 HiCldoct 8 "Average high cloud cover (octas)" 49 TimePhot 8 "Time of day sky photographs were taken" 50 MF_cld10 8 "Reported cloud cover from Marshall Field (tenths)" 51 obs_time 8 "Observation time (hhmm)"
(*) The FIS rainfall rate is in mm/5mins, and was multiplied by 6 to give mm in 30 mins.
In 1987 there are also four cloud variables;
ToCld_octas cloud sky cover in eights.
HiCld_octas cloud sky cover in eights.
TimePhoto the time of day of sky photograph.
Mf_cld_tenths reported cloud cover from Marshall Fieldi, in tenths.
Refer to the Table 1 Description.
Meteorological Station.
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Ysq_no date Jul_Date utc P P_k P_s T T_k T_s Tw Tw_k Tw_s Rain30 Rain30_k Rain30_s U U_k U_s V V_k V_s Tsurf Tsurf_k Tsurf_s Tsoil10 Tsoil10k Tsoil10s Tsoil50 Tsoil50k Tsoil50s SolDn SolDn_k SolDn_s SolRef SolRef_k SolRef_s Rnet Rnet_k Rnet_s IRDn IRDn_k IRDn_s Q Q_k Q_s ToCldoct HiCldoct TimePhot MF_cld10 obs_time
5761 05/01/1987 121 0.25 961.92 9 2.44 24.34 8 0.37 16.51 8 0.19 0 9 0 -4.95 9 1.37 2.88 9 0.99 22.83 8 1.85 22.53 8 2.47 15.28 6 1.71 153.94 2 7.64 34.28 9 4.05 26.97 9 18.22 . 0 . 9.24 8 0.24 . . . . 0015 5762 05/01/1987 121 0.75 961.98 9 2.45 23.28 9 0.45 16.12 9 0.17 0 9 0 -4.43 9 0.92 3.09 9 0.43 20.82 8 1.26 22.25 8 2.46 15.34 6 1.71 68.53 2 2.67 16.44 9 1.57 -11.88 9 7.9 . 0 . 9.2 9 0.18 . . . . 0045 5763 05/01/1987 121 1.25 961.99 9 2.45 21.84 9 0.45 15.62 9 0.21 0 9 0 -3.69 9 0.95 2.38 9 0.33 18.6 8 1.17 21.5 9 2.56 15.31 6 1.72 15.4 2 0.69 4.01 9 1.18 -33.24 9 2.84 . 0 . 9.19 9 0.18 . . . . 0115 5764 05/01/1987 121 1.75 962.07 9 2.45 20.7 9 0.39 15.07 9 0.27 0 9 0 -3.72 9 1.2 2.13 9 0.46 17.24 8 1.2 21.19 9 2.54 15.33 6 1.72 0 2 2.12 0 9 0.98 -41.78 9 2.23 . 0 . 9.02 9 0.21 . . . . 0145
File names size (bytes)
fifams87.dat 2493717
This data set is a time series of 30 minute average variables for the periods May 1, 1987- Dec 31, 1987 (50 fields; 14 variables (mean , SD, and count; plus 4 cloud fields); date (2), UTC, year sequence #.)
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Most variables are continuous for all but a few short periods. There is no radiation data for an extended period of one month from April 11 through May 10, 1988 because the instruments were being calibrated. However, other than this period, Rnet is available about 99% of the time. IRDn is missing for three extended time intervals and may be of questionable value for much of the time that it is available.
A set of filters was applied to reject bad data points and help to identify lines of bad data (such as produced by electrical noise). Table 2 summarizes these filters. Scanning the data and nulling out obvious erroneous data manually effected further data editing. Some bad values will, however, have slipped through, these can often be identified by a large value of the standard deviation.
Table 2. Data filters
Variable Max/Min (1988) Filter Range
P 999.94/938.29 930 to 1000
T 37.94/-23.17 -30 to 45
Tw 36.01/-22.43 -30 to 40 & (Tw-T)0.05
Rain30 7.75/0
U 31.20/-27.56
V 22.29/-17.86
Tsurf 54.76/-39.34 -50 to 60
Tsoil10 39/-2.85 -10 to 50
Tsoil50 26/1.38 -5 to 40
SolDn 1034.71/-4.88 -5 to 1200
SolRef 543,45/-4.93 -5 ot 600
Rnet 8.39.52/-87.36 -98 to 1000
IRDn 498.52/143.60 100 to 600
Q N/A (calculated) Each variable (for all sites), together with the site-average and standard deviation were then examined graphically and manually (and iteratively) edited to eliminate bad data; and generate a cleaned-up site average for each variable. Some such as temperature and wet-bulb temperature were examined in pairs. Some bad data has escaped this process; often this is indicated by a solitary extreme standard deviation.
We did not interpolate variables at a site before averaging; but we have interpolated most site-average variables to fill gaps (where these are small <6 hours) to reduce the burden on modelers. Gaps of more than a day have generally not been interpolated; although we have filled a few missing days temperature profiles with a simple and obvious sawtooth patterns (in 1988 and 1989). Some missing Net radiation values at night have been set to -30 Wm-2. In 1988 and 1989 SolDn and SolRef have been set to 0 (zero) between sun set and sun rise.
INTERPOLATED DATA IS EASILY IDENTIFIED. If the count on a variable is zero the data has been interpolated.
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This is the documentation from the original May 26 - Oct 16 1987 site average data set from the FIFE CD-ROM. We include it for its remarks on the cloud data fields; and formula used for mixing ratio q, as we have not reprocessed this period, except for rain and IRDN.
FIFE-87 compacted surface data set. (Betts and Ball, 1992)
Rev. Date: December 11, 1992
This data set contains FIFE-site averages derived from (ten) AMS stations (data every 30 minutes), together with cloud data from two sources, from May 26 - Oct 16, 1987.
The raw data for these files came from the FIS Data Base tables AMS_DATA_87 and CLOUD_CAMERA_DATA. The MF_Cld field was obtained independently from the hourly cloud observations of Marshall AAF, KS, approximately 12 km west of the FIFE site.
These were PAM-II stations supplied by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), with pressure (PS), temperature (T)and wet-bulb (TW) temperature sensors mounted at 2 m and an anemometer at 5.4 m, as well as ground temperature sensors at 10 cm (T1soil) and 50 cm (T2soil) below the surface.
Each station measured surface skin temperature (TSfc) with a downward looking radiometer, net radiation (RNet) with a net radiometer, measured reflected solar radiation (SolRef) and recorded rainrate and accumulation from a tipping bucket raingauge. A subset of stations (2 before August, 10 1987 and then 4) measured incoming solar radiation (SolDn), and longwave radiation (LWDN) (2 before October, 1987, and then 4). The archive data uses NCAR's calibrations of the instruments.
A set of filters was applied to reject bad data points and identify lines of bad data (such as produced by electrical noise). These are shown in Table 87-1.
Table 87-1
Variable May 26-Jun 24 Jun 25-Aug21 Aug 22-Oct 16
SolDn -5 to 1200 -5 to 1200 -5 to 1200
SolRef -5 to 250 -5 to 250 -5 to 250
RNet -98 to 1000 -98 to 1000 -98 to 800
TSfc 0 to 55 10 to 55 -10 to 35
TSoil10 9 to 30 19 to 30 9 to 21
TSoil50 11 to 30 19 to 30 11 to 19 T and TW were filtered to eliminate any data where Twas less than TW. The data was scanned for low values of surface pressure.
For both the radiation and thermodynamic data, further data editing was done by scanning the data and nulling out obvious erroneous data manually. Some bad values will however have slipped through.
The mixing ratio (Q) was calculated from TW and PS (surface pressure) as follows:
QW = 622 / (0.1631 * PS * exp(-17.67 * TW / (TW + 243.5)) - 1) Q = QW - (1006 / 2501) * (T - TW)
All the station data that passed this editing were averaged for each date and time to give a site average, a standard deviation, and a count of stations in the average. The center of the FIFE area is close to 39.05þN, 96.53þW.
The standard deviation is between sites, which are located at different altitudes, on different types and slopes of terrain, different soils etc. Isolated high standard deviations probably indicate an erroneous value that has not been filtered, although in some variables such as SolDn or RNet, they may be caused by more extensive cloud over a few sites. We have not included a standard deviation for LWDN, since there are only 2 sites with this measurement for much of the time.
Two fields relating to daytime cloud cover for total cloud and high cloud (in octas) are from the archive of digitized photographic data (from Ann Henderson-Sellers). They are not 30 min. averages. The instantaneous digitized mean cloud cover from each single frame was simply assigned to the 30 min. time block in which it was taken. Since photos were typically every 40 min., every fourth time had no photo. A further field indicates the exact time of a photo. The MF_Cld field was obtained independently from the hourly cloud observations of Marshall AAF, KS, approximately 12 km west of the FIFE site. This data set is in tenths cloud cover, estimated by observer.
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There are no plans to revisit this data; but let us know of errors.
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ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
FIFE data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
This data set is available online via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov/, or telnet ornlims.ornl.gov 6493 (128.219.24.108 6493), or eosims.ornl.gov 12345 (128.219.24.108 12345)
Betts and Ball, 1996: FIFE surface climate and site-average data set 1987-1989, Submitted to J. Atmos. Sci. (3rd FIFE special issue)
Betts, A.K., J.H. Ball, and A.C.M. Beljaars, 1993: Comparison between the land surface response of the European Centre model and the FIFE-1987 data. Q.J.R.M.S., 119, 975-1001.
Betts, A.K. and J.H. Ball, 1994: Budget analysis of FIFE-1987 sonde data. J.G.R., 99, 3655-3666.
Betts, A.K. and J.H. Ball, 1995: The FIFE surface diurnal cycle climate. J.G.R. 100, 25679-25693.
Betts A. K. And J. H. Ball, 1997: FIFE surface climate and site-average dataset: 1987-1989. (FIFE special issue 3 J.Atmos. Sci. in press)
Strebel, D. E., D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson, 1994: Collected data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, in Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets., Vol 1, CD-ROM, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or online access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/cdiac/glossary.html.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at http://daac.ornl.gov/acronyms.html.
December 4, 1996 (citation revised on October 1, 2002)
March 19, 1997
FIFE_FFOAMS87
Cite this data set as follows (citation revised on October 1, 2002):
Betts, A. K. 1994. Site Averaged AMS Data: 1987 (Betts). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/88.
DAAC Staff
ornldaac@ornl.gov