AVIRIS-5 L2B Greenhouse Gas Enhancements, Facility Instrument Collection

This dataset contains Level 2B (L2B) enhancements of greenhouse gases (GHG) derived from imagery collected by the Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-5 (AVIRIS-5) instrument. Products include methane and carbon dioxide enhancements, each with per-pixel uncertainties and sensitivities to the background. Concentrations are estimated from radiance measurements enhanced using a column-wise adaptive matched filter approach, which searches each pixel's radiance spectrum for deviations that are characteristic of a GHG's absorption spectrum. This is the NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) facility instrument archive of these data. The NASA AVIRIS-5 is a spectral mapping system that measures reflected radiance at 5-nm intervals in the Visible to Shortwave Infrared (VSWIR) spectral range from 380-2500 nm. The AVIRIS-5 sensor has a 40-degree instantaneous field of view with 1239 pixels, providing altitude dependent ground sampling distances from 12 m to sub meter range. This spectrometer measures radiance from surface and atmosphere and is extremely similar in design to the orbital Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) spectrometer. GHG data are provided in cloud optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format. In addition, ancillary files for each flight line are provided, including a quicklook image in GeoTIFF format and text files in YAML format that document processing algorithms and parameters used during production. AVIRIS-5 supports NASA Science and applications in many areas including plant composition and function, geology and soils, greenhouse gas mapping, and calibration of orbital platforms.

The NASA AVIRIS-5 is a spectral mapping system that measures reflected radiance at 5-nm intervals in the Visible to Shortwave Infrared (VSWIR) spectral range from 380-2500 nm. The AVIRIS-5 sensor has a 40-degree instantaneous field of view with 1239 pixels, providing altitude dependent ground sampling distances from 12 m to sub meter range. This spectrometer measures radiance from surface and atmosphere and is extremely similar in design to the orbital Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) spectrometer.

This dataset will include all L2B greenhouse gas files from the AVIRIS-5 facility instrument.

This dataset contains Level 2B (L2B) enhancements of greenhouse gases (GHG) derived from imagery collected by the Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-5 (AVIRIS-5) instrument. Products include methane and carbon dioxide enhancements, each with per-pixel uncertainties and sensitivities to the background. Concentrations are estimated from radiance measurements enhanced using a column-wise adaptive matched filter approach, which searches each pixel's radiance spectrum for deviations that are characteristic of a GHG's absorption spectrum. This is the NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) facility instrument archive of these data.

The NASA AVIRIS-5 is a spectral mapping system that measures reflected radiance at 5-nm intervals in the Visible to Shortwave Infrared (VSWIR) spectral range from 380-2500 nm. The AVIRIS-5 sensor has a 40-degree instantaneous field of view with 1239 pixels, providing altitude dependent ground sampling distances from 12 m to sub meter range. This spectrometer measures radiance from surface and atmosphere and is extremely similar in design to the orbital Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) spectrometer.

GHG data are provided in cloud optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format. In addition, ancillary files for each flight line are provided, including a quicklook image in GeoTIFF format and text files in YAML format that document processing algorithms and parameters used during production. This dataset will include all GHG L2B files from the AVIRIS-5 facility instrument. 

Project: AVIRIS 

The Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer - Classic (AVIRIS-C) and Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) are two Facility Instruments (FIs) that are part of NASA’s Airborne Science Program (ASP) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) Earth Science Airborne Program. The AVIRIS-C is an imaging spectrometer that delivers calibrated images of the upwelling spectral radiance in 224 contiguous spectral channels with wavelengths from 400 to 2500 nanometers (nm). The AVIRIS-NG is the successor to AVIRIS-Classic and provides high signal-to-noise ratio imaging spectroscopy measurements in 425 contiguous spectral channels with wavelengths in the solar reflected spectral range (380-2510 nm). The AVIRIS-NG started operation in 2014 and is expected to replace the AVIRIS-C instrument. Data from AVIRIS-C and AVIRIS-NG have been applied to a wide range of studies in the fields of terrestrial and coastal aquatic plant physiology, atmospheric and aerosol studies, environmental science, snow hydrology, geology, volcanology, oceanography, soil and land management, agriculture, and limnology. 

AVIRIS-3 and AVIRIS-5 have been added to this group of image spectrometers. AVIRIS-3 and AVIRIS-5 both feature an optical design in the Dyson family, more similar to the EMIT spectrometer on the ISS. The newer design enables a higher throughput, facilitating substantially wider (more than double) swath width from AVIRIS-NG at a higher SNR. AVIRIS-5 expands on the AVIRIS-3 design by increasing the spectral sampling down from 7.4 nm to 5 nm.

Related Publications

Fahlen, J.E., P.G. Brodrick, R.W. Coleman, C.D. Elder, D.R. Thompson, A.K. Thorpe, R.O. Green, J.J. Green, A.M. Lopez, and C. Xiang. 2024. Sensitivity and uncertainty in matched-filter-based gas detection with imaging spectroscopy. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 62:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3440174

Green, R.O., M.E. Schaepman, P. Mouroulis, S. Geier, L. Shaw, A. Hueini, M. Bernas, I. McKinley, C. Smith, R. Wehbe, M. Eastwood, Q. Vinckier, E. Liggett, S. Zandbergen, D. Thompson, P. Sullivan, C. Sarture, B. Van Gorp, and M. Helmlinger. 2022. Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 3 (AVIRIS-3). 2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO). https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843565 

Related Datasets 

Eckert, R. D.R. Thompson, A.M. Chlus, J.W. Chapman, M.L. Eastwood, M. Bernas, S. Geier. E. Liggett, Q. Vinckier, J. Y. Wang, D. Keymeulen, P. Sullivan, W. Olson-Duvall, E. Greenberg, R.O. Green, and P.G. Brodrick. 2026. AVIRIS-5 L1B Calibrated Radiance, Facility Instrument Collection. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2483

• The greenhouse gas (GHG) products were derived from these L1B radiance data.

Brodrick, P.G., A.M. Chlus, N. Bohn, E. Greenberg, J. Montgomery, J.W. Chapman, M. Eastwood, S.R. Lundeen, R. Eckert, W. Olson-Duvall, D.R. Thompson, and R.O. Green. 2025. AVIRIS-5 L2A Orthocorrected Surface Reflectance, Facility Instrument Collection. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2484

Chlus, A.M., P.G. Brodrick, A.K. Thorpe, J.W. Chapman, D.J. Jensen, R.W. Coleman, J. Fahlen, W. Olson-Duvall, D.R. Thompson, and R.O. Green. 2024. AVIRIS-3 L2B Greenhouse Gas Enhancements, Facility Instrument Collection. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2358

• GHG products from the AVIRIS-3 instrument.

Spatial Resolution: 0.5 to 20 m (altitude dependent) 

Temporal Resolution: One-time estimate 

Data File Information

This dataset includes greenhouse gas concentrations and related products in cloud optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, quicklook images, and processing information in text-based YAML format. 

The file naming convention is <flight prefix>_<id>_<level>_<ver>_<product>_<id>.<ext>, where 

• <flight prefix> = flight line identifier, AV5YYYYMMDDthhmmss, encoding the date and time by year (YYYY), month (MM), day (DD), hour (hh), minute (mm), and second (ss) of the flight (e.g., AV520230711t225833).
• <id> = scene-id from within a flight line. 
• <level> = data level: “L2B_GHG” for Level 2B greenhouse gas products.
• <ver> = unique eight character identifier of full heritage versioning.
• <product> = Level 2B data product:
  “CH4_ORT” for methane enhancement, “CH4_ORT_QL” for methane quicklook, “CH4_SNS_ORT” for methane sensitivity, “CH4_UNC_ORT” for methane uncertainty
  "CO2_ORT” for carbon dioxide enhancement, “CO2_ORT_QL” for carbon dioxide quicklook, “CO2_SNS_ORT” for carbon dioxide sensitivity, “CO2_UNC_ORT” for carbon dioxide uncertainty. ("ORT" is for orthocorrected.)
• <ext> = file extension indicating file type: “tif” for GeoTIFF, “yaml” for YAML text file.

Example file names for one flight line are: 

• AV520230915t214314_000_L2B_GHG_6395d427_CH4_ORT.tif
• AV520230915t214314_000_L2B_GHG_6395d427_CH4_ORT_QL.tif
• AV520230915t214314_000_L2B_GHG_6395d427_CH4_SNS_ORT.tif
• AV520230915t214314_000_L2B_GHG_6395d427_CH4_UNC_ORT.tif
• AV520230915t214314_000_L2B_GHG_6395d427.yaml 

Data File Details 

The COG files hold orthocorrected data projected into the UTM coordinate system using WGS-84 datum. 

The units for GHG concentrations are “parts per million meter” (total column enhancement, ppm m) representing the path-integrated concentration of the gas. The UNC values are in the same units as the enhancement measurements (ppm m). The SNS values are unitless. UNC and SNS values of -1 indicate location of a gas flare or the buffer region around a flare.

The COG nodata value is -9999. 

The quicklook images (*_ORT_QL.tif) are COGs with three bands (RGB) in projected UTM coordinates. 

The main objective of the AVIRIS project is to identify, measure, and monitor constituents of the Earth's surface and atmosphere based on molecular absorption and particle scattering signatures. Research with AVIRIS data is predominantly focused on understanding processes related to the global environment and climate change. 

The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 5 (AVIRIS-5) is the fourth of the NASA AVIRIS spectrometer series. The core spectrometer of AVIRIS-5 is similar to the imaging spectrometer used by the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) that has been deployed on the International Space Station (ISS). AVIRIS-Classic, AVIRIS-Next Generation, and AVIRIS-3 are the three previously developed instruments (Green et al., 1998). 

AVIRIS-5 provides state-of-the-art imaging spectroscopy measurements for NASA science and application through the next decade and beyond. It collects data that can be used for characterization of the Earth's surface and atmosphere from geometrically coherent spectroradiometric measurements. This data can be applied to studies in the fields of oceanography, environmental science, snow hydrology, geology, volcanology, soil and land management, atmospheric and aerosol studies, agriculture, and limnology. Applications under development include the assessment and monitoring of environmental hazards such as toxic waste, oil spills, and land/air/water pollution. With proper calibration and correction for atmospheric effects, the measurements can be converted to ground reflectance data which can then be used for quantitative characterization of surface features. 

AVIRIS-5’s capabilities for measuring GHG emissions builds on history of GHG measurements from AVIRIS-Classic (Bradley et al., 2011; Thompson et al., 2015), AVIRIS-NG (Thorpe et al., 2013; Thorpe et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2017), and AVIRIS-3 (Chlus et al., 2024).

Figure 2. Overview of AVIRIS applications. Source: https://avirisng.jpl.nasa.gov/aviris-ng.html 

The AVIRIS-5 calibration procedure addresses electronic effects involving radiometric responses of each detector, optical effects involving the spatial and spectral view of each detector, and radiometric calibration. Detector responsiveness is measured at the beginning of each deployment and mid-flight for particularly long deployments. Instrument artifacts in the spectrometer data, such as striping, are removed statistically by minimizing a Markov Random Field model. Likewise, bad pixels are identified and corrected using statistical methods followed by laboratory and field protocols to evaluate effectiveness. Details of calibration methods are available in Chapman et al. (2019). 

The AVIRIS-5 calibration procedure generally follows that for EMIT, described in detail in Thompson et al. (2024). The methane enhancement data contains elevated values over true methane sources, but also contains false positives induced by various surface or atmospheric characteristics. While the resolution and high SNR of AVIRIS-5 makes these false positives easier to identify than with other instruments, care must still be taken to exclude such detections from subsequent analyses, particularly in the context of source attribution. 

Uncertainty and sensitivity metrics for methane enhancement are included in this dataset.

The Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 5 (AVIRIS-5) was developed to provide state-of-the-art imaging spectroscopy measurements for NASA science and application through the next decade and beyond (Green et al., 2022). It is deployed on airborne platforms including NASA’s ER-2, B-200, Gulfstream III, Gulfstream V and potentially other aircraft. 

AVIRIS-5 is an imaging spectrometer with a two-mirror telescope and Dyson-type spectrometer, which are optically fast (F/1.8), span a wide swath (40-degree field of view over 1239 spatial pixels), and operate over the 380-2500 nm solar-reflected spectrum with 5-nm spectral sampling (425 channels). The spectrometer is identical in design as the EMIT spectrometer now operating in orbit on the International Space Station (ISS). 

This Level 2B collection contains concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) derived from imagery collected by the AVIRIS-5 instrument. Products include enhancement data and plume complexes for each GHG. Concentrations were estimated from radiance measurements enhanced using a cluster matched filter approach (Thorpe et al., 2013), which searches each pixel’s radiance spectrum for deviations that are characteristic of a GHG’s absorption spectrum (Brodrick et al., 2024). Plume complexes were identified from the enhanced data and were subject to a manual review process.

Uncertainty was due to measurement noise, while sensitivity accounts for potential bias in the concentration length due to surface and atmospheric variation. Calculation of these values is described in Fahlen et al. (2024). Uncertainty and sensitivity vary per-pixel, and between scenes.

The EMIT GHG ATBD (Brodrick et al., 2024) provides additional information about methods used for these products.

Bradley, E.S., I. Leifer, D.A. Roberts, P.E. Dennison, and L. Washburn. 2011. Detection of marine methane emissions with AVIRIS band ratios. Geophysical Research Letters 38:L10702. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046729 

Brodrick, P.G., A.M. Chlus, N. Bohn, E. Greenberg, J. Montgomery, J.W. Chapman, M. Eastwood, S.R. Lundeen, R. Eckert, W. Olson-Duvall, D.R. Thompson, and R.O. Green. 2025. AVIRIS-5 L2A Orthocorrected Surface Reflectance, Facility Instrument Collection. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2484

Brodrick, P.G., A.K. Thorpe, C.S. Villanueva-Weeks, C. Elder, J. Fahlen, and D.R. Thompson. 2024. EMIT Greenhouse Gas Algorithms: greenhouse gas point source mapping and related products. Theoretical Basis. Version 0.1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California. https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/1696/EMIT_GHG_ATBD_V1.pdf 

Chapman, J.W., D.R. Thompson, M.C. Helmlinger, B.D. Bue, R.O. Green, M.L. Eastwood, S. Geier, W. Olson-Duvall, and S.R. Lundeen. 2019. Spectral and radiometric calibration of the Next Generation Airborne Visible Infrared Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG). Remote Sensing 11:2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182129

Chlus, A.M., P.G. Brodrick, A.K. Thorpe, J.W. Chapman, D.J. Jensen, R.W. Coleman, J. Fahlen, W. Olson-Duvall, D.R. Thompson, and R.O. Green. 2024. AVIRIS-3 L2B Greenhouse Gas Enhancements, Facility Instrument Collection. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2358

Eckert, R. D.R. Thompson, A.M. Chlus, J.W. Chapman, M.L. Eastwood, M. Bernas, S. Geier. E. Liggett, Q. Vinckier, J. Y. Wang, D. Keymeulen, P. Sullivan, W. Olson-Duvall, E. Greenberg, R.O. Green, and P.G. Brodrick. 2026. AVIRIS-5 L1B Calibrated Radiance, Facility Instrument Collection. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2483

Fahlen, J.E., P.G. Brodrick, R.W. Coleman, C.D. Elder, D.R. Thompson, A.K. Thorpe, R.O. Green, J.J. Green, A.M. Lopez, and C. Xiang. 2024. Sensitivity and uncertainty in matched-filter-based gas detection with imaging spectroscopy. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 62:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3440174

Green, R.O., M.E. Schaepman, P. Mouroulis, S. Geier, L. Shaw, A. Hueini, M. Bernas, I. McKinley, C. Smith, R. Wehbe, M. Eastwood, Q. Vinckier, E. Liggett, S. Zandbergen, D. Thompson, P. Sullivan, C. Sarture, B. Van Gorp, and M. Helmlinger. 2022. Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 3 (AVIRIS-3). 2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO). https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843565 

Green, R.O., M.L. Eastwood, C.M. Sarture, T. G. Chrien, M. Aronsson, B.J. Chippendale, J.A. Faust, B.E. Pavri, C. J. Chovit, M. Solis, M.R. Olah, and O. Williams. 1998. Imaging spectroscopy and the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Remote Sensing of Environment 65:227- 248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00064-9 

Thompson, D.R, P.G. Brodrick, R.O. Green, O. Kalashnikova, S. Lundeen, G. Okin, W. Olson-Duvall, and T. Painter. 2020. EMIT L2A Algorithm: Surface Reflectance and Scene Content Masks: Theoretical Basis. Version 1.0. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California. https://earth.jpl.nasa.gov/emit/internal_resources/281

Thompson, D.R., I. Leifer, H. Bovensmann, M. Eastwood, M. Fladeland, C. Frankenberg, K. Gerilowski, R.O. Green, S. Kratwurst, T. Krings, B. Luna, and A.K. Thorpe. 2015. Real-time remote detection and measurement for airborne imaging spectroscopy: a case study with methane. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8:4383–4397. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4383-2015 

Thompson, D.R., R.O. Green, C. Bradley, P.G. Brodrick, N. Mahowald, E.B. Dor, M. Bennett, M. Bernas, N. Carmon, K.D. Chadwick, R.N. Clark, R.W. Coleman, E. Cox, E. Diaz, M.L. Eastwood, R. Eckert, B.L. Ehlmann, P. Ginoux, M.G. Ageitos, K. Grant, L. Guanter, D.H. Pearlshtien, M. Helmlinger, H. Herzog, T. Hoefen, Y. Huang, A. Keebler, O. Kalashnikova, D. Keymeulen, R. Kokaly, M. Klose, L. Li, S.R. Lundeen, J. Meyer, E. Middleton, R.L. Miller, P. Mouroulis, B. Oaida, V. Obiso, F. Ochoa, W. Olson-Duvall, G.S. Okin, T.H. Painter, C. Pérez García-Pando, R. Pollock, V. Realmuto, L. Shaw, P. Sullivan, G. Swayze, E. Thingvold, A.K. Thorpe, S. Vannan, C. Villarreal, C. Ung, D.W. Wilson, and S. Zandbergen. 2024. On-orbit calibration and performance of the EMIT imaging spectrometer. Remote Sensing of Environment 303:113986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113986

Thorpe, A.K., C. Frankenberg, and D. A. Roberts. 2014. Retrieval techniques for airborne imaging of methane concentrations using high spatial and moderate spectral resolution: application to AVIRIS. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7:491-506. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-491-2014

Thorpe, A.K., D.A. Roberts, E.S. Bradley, C.C. Funk, P.E. Dennison, and I. Leifer. 2013. High resolution mapping of methane emissions from marine and terrestrial sources using a Cluster-Tuned Matched Filter technique and imaging spectrometry. Remote Sensing of Environment 134:305-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.018 

Zhang, M., I. Leifer, and C. Hu. 2017. Challenges in methane column retrievals from AVIRIS-NG Imagery over spectrally cluttered surfaces: A sensitivity analysis. Remote Sensing 9:835. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9080835