The NS001 Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) was flown on the NASA C-130 aircraft over the Superior National Forest study area. TMS data were collected and processed for three days: July 13 and August 6, 1983; and June 28, 1984. The TMS was a scanning radiometer with eight wavelength bands. Band 8 was a thermal band and not processed in this study. The C-130 flew a "crisscross" pattern over the SNF, which provided a variety of sun and view angles. The TMS data were processed to provide reflectance values of study sites. These data are useful in the analysis of the bi-directional reflectance function of forest canopies.
The TMS radiance values were converted to reflectance using values for insolation, atmospheric transmittance, and path scattered radiance for the appropriate solar and view angles. No measurement of these values were made, so the LOWTRAN6 atmosphere model was used to generate them. Scattering contributions calculated from the path between the canopy and the sensor were subtracted from the sensor detected radiances and divided by the incident flux to generate reflectance factors.
Corrected canopy reflectance values for three days are included in the data set. Standard spherical polar coordinates, with zero degree azimuth due north, are given. Errors in the determination of these angles are possible due to the lack of precise aircraft position. The sensor zenith angles were determined from the sensor scan angle and should be accurate to within a degree. The sensor azimuth angles were determined from plotting the center points of a nadir view camera on an air photo of the area and connecting them to determine the aircraft heading. Because of the errors in this method, view azimuth accuracy is probably no more than two to three degrees. Solar zenith and azimuth were determined computationally from the time at the beginning of each flight line and should be within a degree. Sites referred to as 0 and 99 in the tables are observations of water.
SNF NS001-TMS Canopy Reflectance 1983-84.
The NS001 Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) was flown on the NASA C-130 aircraft over the Superior National Forest study area. TMS data were collected and processed for three days: July 13 and August 6, 1983; and June 28, 1984. The TMS was a scanning radiometer with eight wavelength bands. Band 8 was a thermal band and not processed in this study. The C-130 flew a "crisscross" pattern over the SNF, which provided a variety of sun and view angles. The TMS data were processed to provide reflectance values of study sites. These data are useful in the analysis of the bi-directional reflectance function of forest canopies.
The TMS data were processed to provide reflectance values of study sites. These data are useful in the analysis of the bi-directional reflectance function of forest canopies.
Radiance, reflectance.
The NS001 Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) was flown on the NASA C-130 aircraft over the Superior National Forest study area. The TMS was a scanning radiometer with eight wavelength bands. Band 8 was a thermal band and not processed in this study. The C-130 flew a "crisscross" pattern over the SNF, which provided a variety of sun and view angles. The TMS data were processed to provide reflectance values of study sites. These data are useful in the analysis of the bi-directional reflectance function of forest canopies. TMS data were collected and processed for three days: July 13 and August 6, 1983; and June 28, 1984.
Several processing steps were required to turn raw TMS data into physically meaningful numbers for the test sites.
The TMS scanner sweeps through view angles of plus or minus 50 degrees. This introduces both geometric distortions and varying atmospheric path lengths across the scan line. At extreme scan angles, a pixel covers an area on the ground several times larger than at nadir. At the nominal 5000 foot altitude flown, a nadir pixel covers 3.81 meters along the scan, expanding to 9.22 meters at 50 degrees off nadir. To compensate for this distortion, the data were linearly resampled to a constant pixel size, the same size as the nadir pixel. The scan angle corrected images from different flight lines were then registered to a common image. The registration algorithm used control points to remove distortions locally rather than globally, and was effective in correcting for perturbations introduced by variations in aircraft motion. Sites were located in the imagery using photographs, descriptions of site locations, first hand knowledge and maps. Digital count values for areas four by four pixels, approximately 16 by 16 meters, were extracted from each flight line. Using the calibration data provided for each scan line, these values were converted to radiance values by subtracting the low blackbody radiance count and multiplying by the radiance calibration factor.
The TMS radiance values were converted to reflectance using values for insolation, atmospheric transmittance, and path scattered radiance for the appropriate solar and view angles. No measurement of these values were made, so the LOWTRAN6 atmosphere model was used to generate them. Scattering contributions calculated from the path between the canopy and the sensor were subtracted from the sensor detected radiances and divided by the incident flux to generate reflectance factors.
Corrected canopy reflectance values for three days are included in the data set. The sun and view angles are referenced to the same coordinate system centered on the observation point. Standard spherical polar coordinates, with zero degree azimuth due north, are given. Note that the sensor and the sun are in line when they have the same coordinates. Errors in the determination of these angles are possible due to the lack of precise aircraft position. The sensor zenith angles were determined from the sensor scan angle and should be accurate to within a degree. The sensor azimuth angles were determined from plotting the center points of a nadir view camera on an air photo of the area and connecting them to determine the aircraft heading. Because of the errors in this method, view azimuth accuracy is probably no more than two to three degrees. Solar zenith and azimuth were determined computationally from the time at the beginning of each flight line and should be within a degree. Sites referred to as 0 and 99 in the tables are observations of water.
Not available.
Dr. Forrest G. Hall
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Dr. K. Fred Huemmrich
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Dr. Donald E. Strebel
Versar, Inc.
Dr. Scott J. Goetz
University of Maryland
Ms. Jamie E. Nickeson
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Ms. K. D. Woods
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Dr. Celeste Jarvis
NASA Headquarters
Biophysical, Morphological, Canopy Optical Property, and Productivity Data on the Superior National Forest.
Dr. Forrest G. Hall
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Fax: +1 (301) 614-6659
Telephone: +1 (301) 614-6695
E-mail: fghall@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov
Not available.
Aircraft.
NASA C-130.
Not available.
Radiance, reflectance.
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
The study area covered a 50 x 50 km area centered at approximately 48 degrees North latitude and 92 degrees West longitude in northeastern Minnesota at the southern edge of the North American boreal forest.
TMS data were collected and processed for three days: July 13 and August 6, 1983; and June 28, 1984.
Variable Name/ Long Name SAS Type Generic Type Description
1 obs_datc OBS_DATE $ 12 DATE "Observation date (DD-MON-YY) (e.g. 01-JAN-90)"
2 site_id SITE_ID 8 NUMBER(4,0) "Site ID"
3 sol_zen SOLAR_ZEN 8 NUMBER(5,2) "Average solar zenith angle in decimal degrees relative to the observer"
4 sol_az SOLAR_AZM 8 NUMBER(5,2) "Average solar azimuth angle in decimal degrees relative to the observer"
5 view_zen VIEW_ZEN 8 NUMBER(5,2) "View zenith angle of the instrument in decimal degrees relative to the observer"
6 view_az VIEW_AZM 8 NUMBER(5,2) "View azimuth angle of the instrument in decimal degrees, relative to the observer"
7 rfl1 REFL1 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Average percent of reflectance in TMS channel 1 (0.458-0.519)"
8 std1 SD1 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Standard deviation of reflectance in TMS channel 1"
9 rfl2 REFL2 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Average percent of reflectance in TMS channel 2 (0.529-0.603)"
10 std2 SD2 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Standard deviation of reflectance in TMS channel 2"
11 rfl3 REFL3 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Average percent of reflectance in TMS channel 3 (0.633-0.697)"
12 std3 SD3 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Standard deviation of reflectance in TMS channel 3"
13 rfl4 REFL4 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Average percent of reflectance in TMS channel 4 (0.767-0.910)"
14 std4 SD4 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Standard deviation of reflectance in TMS channel 4"
15 rfl5 REFL5 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Average percent of reflectance in TMS channel 5 (1.13-1.35)"
16 std5 SD5 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Standard deviation of reflectance in TMS channel 5"
17 rfl6 REFL6 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Average percent of reflectance in TMS channel 6 (1.57-1.71)"
18 std6 SD6 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Standard deviation of reflectance in TMS channel 6"
19 rfl7 REFL7 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Average percent of reflectance in TMS channel 7 (2.10-2.38)"
20 std7 SD7 8 NUMBER(4,2) "Standard deviation of reflectance in TMS channel 7"
21 flight FLIGHT_LINE 8 NUMBER(2,0) "Flight line as recorded in the flight summary logs"
obs_datc site_id sol_zen sol_az view_zen view_az rfl1 std1 rfl2 std2 rfl3 std3 rfl4 std4 rfl5 std5 rfl6 std6
"13-JUL-83" 2 56.16 94.33 3 90 3.97 0.26 4.47 0.36 2.31 0.28 14.34 1.74 16.95 1.7 4.57 0.45 "13-JUL-83" 2 53.84 97.1 33.7 88 2.54 0.18 3 0.28 1.33 0.2 13.77 1.13 16.61 1.02 4.34 0.29 "13-JUL-83" 2 49.4 102.75 17.71 50 3.91 0.21 4.75 0.41 2.68 0.25 15.04 1.15 18.4 1.33 5.03 0.42 "13-JUL-83" 2 51.53 99.97 20.86 268 6.33 0.36 7.82 0.68 4.7 0.39 21.21 1.75 25.94 1.82 8.21 0.73 "13-JUL-83" 2 44.13 110.37 23.29 320 6.01 0.33 8.42 0.61 5.48 0.4 23.42 2.4 29.13 2.36 10.26 1.01 "13-JUL-83" 2 47.46 105.41 19.57 233 4.71 0.21 6.17 0.35 3.7 0.31 18.14 1.64 22.81 1.54 6.95 0.55 "13-JUL-83" 14 56.16 94.33 1.14 90 3.92 0.22 4.37 0.46 2.33 0.37 13.72 1.7 16.44 1.69 4.46 0.56 "13-JUL-83" 14 53.84 97.1 33.14 88 2.46 0.1 2.9 0.32 1.44 0.17 12.29 1.14 15.61 1.06 4.63 0.26 "13-JUL-83" 14 51.53 99.97 22.28 268 6.39 0.21 8.01 0.35 4.84 0.45 20.76 0.96 25.79 1.14 8.5 0.67 "13-JUL-83" 14 44.13 110.37 25.57 320 6.4 0.14 8.92 0.3 5.83 0.34 24.3 0.87 29.46 1.02 9.74 0.51 "13-JUL-83" 57 56.16 94.33 7.29 90 3.38 0.31 3.88 0.57 1.99 0.28 12.02 1.67 14.82 1.87 4.18 0.71 "13-JUL-83" 57 53.84 97.1 38 88 1.94 0.13 2.62 0.26 1.16 0.16 11.3 0.59 14.6 0.51 4.37 0.32 "13-JUL-83" 57 51.53 99.97 16.29 268 5.92 0.19 7.61 0.56 4.69 0.29 19.71 1.62 25.62 2.06 8.78 0.81 "13-JUL-83" 57 44.13 110.37 3 320 3.69 0.24 5.31 0.56 3.23 0.43 16.78 1.88 21.34 2 6.42 0.81 "06-AUG-83" 0 48.96 113.47 44.89 313.5 2.58 0.08 1.76 0.14 1.27 0 0.52 0 0.46 0.27 0.22 0.16 "06-AUG-83" 0 38.5 135.18 1.69 270 2.48 0.07 1.87 0.13 1.43 0.09 0.32 0 0.5 0.22 0.4 0.12 "06-AUG-83" 0 35.7 144.41 46.52 40.5 1.64 0.09 1.36 0.12 1.04 0.13 0.14 0 0.22 0.22 0.11 0.1 "06-AUG-83" 0 44.38 121.5 17.4 266.5 2.65 0.1 2.03 0.16 1.51 0 0.29 0 0.45 0 0.03 0.16 "06-AUG-83" 0 41.76 126.96 33.57 262.5 2.55 0.15 1.84 0.2 1.39 0.13 0.36 0 0.44 0.24 0.13 0.17 "06-AUG-83" 0 37.03 139.86 7.03 36 2.43 0.1 1.8 0.11 1.35 0.08 0.46 0 0.41 0.22 0.28 0.14 "06-AUG-83" 0 45.82 118.8 1.25 313 3.01 0.13 1.98 0.1 1.24 0.15 0.22 0.16 0.28 0 0.1 0.14 "06-AUG-83" 72 48.96 113.47 37.88 313.5 3.46 0.15 4.56 0.33 2.54 0.17 39.99 1.99 45.44 2.13 11.69 0.52 "06-AUG-83" 72 37.03 139.66 5.08 216 3.92 0.26 5.31 0.45 3.33 0.35 39.61 3.2 48.3 3.58 14.29 1.15 "06-AUG-83" 72 41.76 126.95 33.37 262.5 3.59 0.2 4.59 0.34 2.83 0.25 37.79 2.51 44.14 2.65 12.13 0.72 "06-AUG-83" 72 44.38 121.5 18.08 266.5 4.11 0.17 5.14 0.32 3.14 0.23 39.2 2.73 47.41 3.09 13.21 0.99 "06-AUG-83" 72 35.7 144.41 39.41 40.5 3.81 0.19 5.18 0.25 3.06 0.23 38.48 2.32 47.33 2.37 13.61 0.54 "06-AUG-83" 72 38.5 135.18 0.93 90 4.11 0.23 5.45 0.49 3.27 0.33 39.73 3.33 49.15 3.26 14.93 1.04 "06-AUG-83" 72 45.82 118.8 11.56 133 4.59 0.53 5.74 0.78 3.34 0.59 42.05 4.34 52.31 4.66 15.77 1.3
Footnote:
Data are sorted by observation date (obs_datc) and study site (site_id). Key fields in each record are obs_datc and site_id.
This data set consists of a single ASCII file containing radiance and reflectance measurements for multiple observation dates and sites in the Superior National Forest.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The data files associated with this data set consist of numeric and character fields of varying lengths aligned in columns. The first row of each data file contains the 8 character SAS variable name that links to the data format definition file. Character fields are enclosed in double quotes and numeric fields are listed without quotes.
Missing data values can be of two varieties:
Not available.
Several processing steps were required to turn raw TMS data into physically meaningful numbers for the test sites.
The TMS scanner sweeps through view angles of plus or minus 50 degrees. This introduces both geometric distortions and varying atmospheric path lengths across the scan line. At extreme scan angles, a pixel covers an area on the ground several times larger than at nadir. At the nominal 5000 foot altitude flown, a nadir pixel covers 3.81 meters along the scan, expanding to 9.22 meters at 50 degrees off nadir. To compensate for this distortion, the data were linearly resampled to a constant pixel size, the same size as the nadir pixel. The scan angle corrected images from different flight lines were then registered to a common image. The registration algorithm used control points to remove distortions locally rather than globally, and was effective in correcting for perturbations introduced by variations in aircraft motion. Sites were located in the imagery using photographs, descriptions of site locations, first hand knowledge and maps. Digital count values for areas four by four pixels, approximately 16 by 16 meters, were extracted from each flight line. Using the calibration data provided for each scan line, these values were converted to radiance values by subtracting the low blackbody radiance count and multiplying by the radiance calibration factor.
The TMS radiance values were converted to reflectance using values for insolation, atmospheric transmittance, and path scattered radiance for the appropriate solar and view angles. No measurement of these values were made, so the LOWTRAN6 atmosphere model was used to generate them. Scattering contributions calculated from the path between the canopy and the sensor were subtracted from the sensor detected radiances and divided by the incident flux to generate reflectance factors.
None.
None known at this revision.
Not available.
None available at this revision.
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
The Superior National Forest data were received from the Goddard Space Flight Center in three media:
Data from both electronic sources were input into SAS by ORNL DAAC data management staff and compared using computer code developed to process the SNF data. In many cases, the data values from both sources were found to be identical. In some cases, however, differences were identified and the providers of the data were consulted to resolve inconsistencies.
Additionally, some variable columns were available in one source, but not the other for various reasons. For example, some calculated variables/columns were provided in the ASCII files (reflecting the Tech Memo tables) that were not stored in the Oracle database for purposes of space conservation.
For similar reasons, coded values were used for many of the site and species identifier variables. A separate reference table was provided to link the coded variable with its definition (e.g., the SPECIES_REF file and the SITE_REF file).
The database produced by the ORNL DAAC is a hybrid product that is a composite of data and information extracted from all three source media. In data sets where coded variables were included, the code definition variables have been added to improve usability of the data set as a stand-alone product.
Therefore the ASCII files that are available through the ORNL DAAC on-line search and order systems are output from a data set that is a product of the essential core of numeric data provided by the data source (GSFC), augmented with additional descriptive information provided by GSFC and reorganized by the ORNL DAAC into a data structure consistent with other similar data sets maintained by the ORNL DAAC.
Not available.
None known at this revision.
Not available.
None.
These data are useful in the analysis of the bi-directional reflectance function of forest canopies.
None known at this revision.
Not available.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
Fax: (865) 574-4665
E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
Fax: (865) 574-4665
E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may order data by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. Data are available via FTP or on CD-ROM. Data are also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
The Superior National Forest Data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
Available via FTP or on CD-ROM.
Not available.
Contact the ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section).
A general glossary is located at EOSDIS Glossary.
A general list of acronyms is available at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/acronyms.html.
October 17, 1996 (citation revised September 23, 2002).
February 25, 1997.
ORNL-SNF_NS001.
Please cite this data set as follows (citation revised September 23, 2002):
Hall, F. G., K. F. Huemmrich, D. E. Strebel, S. J. Goetz, J. E. Nickeson, and K. D. Woods. 1996. SNF NS001-TMS Canopy Reflectance 1983-84. [Superior National Forest NS001-Thematic Mapper Simulator Canopy Reflectance 1983-84]. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/185.
Based on F. G. Hall, K. F. Huemmrich, D. E. Strebel, S. J. Goetz, J. E. Nickeson, and K. D. Woods, Biophysical, Morphological, Canopy Optical Property, and Productivity Data from the Superior National Forest, NASA Technical Memorandum 104568, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A., 1992.