Summary:
This data set contains the original model output data submissions from the 24 terrestrial biosphere models (TBM) that participated in the North American Carbon Program (NACP) Site-Level Synthesis. The model teams generated estimates for, but not limited to, a minimum of six variables, including gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), leaf area index (LAI), ecosystem respiration (Re), latent heat flux (LE), and sensible heat flux (H) for each of 47 selected eddy covariance flux tower sites across North America. Participating modeling teams followed the NACP Site Synthesis Protocol (site_synthesis_protocol_v7.pdf), which covers procedures, plans, and infrastructure for the site-level analyses. File format and units conversions of several data submissions were made by the MAST-DC to produce NetCDF files of consistent content and structure for all 24 TBM outputs. The model outputs are structured as described in Appendix A: Model Output Variables, of the Site Synthesis Protocol.
In addition, MAST-DC processed these original model submissions to derive uniquely processed and formatted data files for model inter-comparison and evaluation (NACP Site: Terrestrial Biosphere Model and Aggregated Flux Data in Standard Format). This related data set provides GPP, NEE, LAI, Re, LE, and sensible heat (H) model output variables at the native half-hourly time step, and in daily, monthly, and annual aggregations. The related data set also contains gap-filled observations and total uncertainty estimates at the same time steps.
Some caveats about the original model output data:
• Generally there is one output file per model per site, although some models have separate files for each year.
• Note that not all models produced output estimates for all flux tower sites, therefore, site inclusion varies.
• Some models produced output estimates for additional variables which are included only in their data files.
• File sizes vary based on the individual modeling team’s submissions.
There are 24 compressed (*.zip) files with this data set -- one file for each model. When expanded, the .zip files contain model output data files for flux tower sites in NetCDF and some in text formats.
Data and Documentation Access:
Get Data: http:daac.ornl.cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1192
Related Data Products:
NACP Site: Tower Meteorology, Flux Observations with Uncertainty, and Ancillary Data [http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1178]
NACP Site: Terrestrial Biosphere Model and Aggregated Flux Data in Standard Format [http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1183]
Data Citation:
Cite this data set as follows:
Ricciuto, D.M., K. Schaefer, P.E. Thornton, R.B. Cook, R. Anderson, M.A. Arain, I. Baker, J.M. Chen, M. Dietze, R. Grant, C. Izaurralde, A.K. Jain, A.W. King, C. Kucharik, S. Liu, E. Lokupitiya, Y. Luo, C. Peng, B. Poulter, D. Price, W. Riley, A. Sahoo, H. Tian, C. Tonitto, and H. Verbeeck. 2013. NACP Site: Terrestrial Biosphere Model Output Data in Original Format. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1192
Table of Contents:
- 1 Data Set Overview
- 2 Data Description
- 3 Applications and Derivation
- 4 Quality Assessment
- 5 Acquisition Materials and Methods
- 6 Data Access
- 7 References
1. Data Set Overview:
Project: North American Carbon Program (NACP)
The NACP (Denning et al., 2005; Wofsy and Harriss, 2002) is a multidisciplinary research program to obtain scientific understanding of North America's carbon sources and sinks and of changes in carbon stocks needed to meet societal concerns and to provide tools for decision makers. Successful execution of the NACP has required an unprecedented level of coordination among observational, experimental, and modeling efforts regarding terrestrial, oceanic, atmospheric, and human components. The project has relied upon a rich and diverse array of existing observational networks, monitoring sites, and experimental field studies in North America and its adjacent oceans. It is supported by a number of different federal agencies through a variety of intramural and extramural funding mechanisms and award instruments.
MAST-DC organized several synthesis activities to evaluate and inter-compare biosphere model outputs and observation data at local to continental scales for the time period of 2000 through 2005. The synthesis activities have included three component studies, each conducted on different spatial scales and producing numerous data products: (1) site-level synthesis that examined process-based model estimates and observations at over 30 AmeriFlux and Fluxnet-Canada tower sites across North America; (2) a regional, mid-continent intensive study centered in the agricultural regions of the United States and focused on comparing inventory-based estimates of net carbon exchange with those from atmospheric inversions; and (3) a regional and continental synthesis evaluating model estimates against each other and available inventory-based estimates across North America. A number of other NACP syntheses are underway, including ones focusing on non-CO2 greenhouse gases, the impact of disturbance on carbon exchange, and coastal carbon dynamics. The ORNL DAAC is the archive for the NACP synthesis data products.
This data set is part of the NACP Site Synthesis which is divided into three separate sub-data components: model driver data and observations (Data Set 1), the processed model output (Data Set 2), and the original model output (Data Set 3). This is Data Set 3. It provides the original model output for 47 eddy covariance flux tower sites in North America submitted by 24 modeling teams.
Authors:
| Contact | Model | Model Short Name | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dan M. Ricciuto | ricciutodm@ornl.gov | ||
| Kevin Schaefer | combined Simple Biosphere-Carnegie_Ames_Stanford_Approach (SiBCASA) Model | SiBCASA | kevin.schaefer@nsidc.org |
| Peter E. Thornton | thorntonpe@ornl.gov | ||
| Robert B. Cook | cookrb@ornl.gov | ||
| Ryan Anderson | BIOME_BGC (BioGeochemical Cycles) | BIOME-BGC | ryan.anderson@ntsg.umt.edu |
| M. Altaf Arain | Carbon and Nitrogen (CN) Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) | CN-CLASS | arainm@mcmaster.ca |
| Ian Baker | Simple Biosphere model v 3 | SiB3 | baker@atmos.colostate.edu |
| Jing Ming Chen | Boreal Ecosystems Productivity Simulator | BEPS | chenj@geog.utoronto.ca |
| Michael Dietze | Ecosystem Demography Model v 2 | ED2 | dietze@bu.edu |
| Robert Grant | Ecosys terrestrial ecosystem model | ecosys | Robert.Grant@afhe.ualberta.ca |
| Cesar Izaurralde | Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model | EPIC | cesar.Izaurralde@pnl.gov |
| Atul K. Jain | Integrated Science Assessment Model | ISAM | jain@atmos.uiuc.edu |
| Anthony W. King | Local Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon (LoTEC) model - Data Assimilation (DA) mode | LoTEC_DA | kingaw@ornl.gov |
| Chris Kucharik | Agro-Integrated BIosphere Simulator | Agro-IBIS | kucharik@wisc.edu |
| Shuguang Liu | Eddy Covariance (EC)-Light Use Efficiency (LUE) Erosion–Deposition-Carbon-Model (EDCM) | ECLUEEDCM | sliu@usgs.gov |
| Erandi Lokupitiya | coupled Simple Biosphere (SiB) - crop phenology model (SiBcrop) | SiBcrop | erandi@atmos.colostate.edu |
| Yiqi Luo | Terrestrial ECOsystem (TECO) model | TECO | yluo@ou.edu |
| Changhui Peng | TRIPLEX generic hybrid model of forest growth and carbon and nitrogen dynamics | CLASS-CTEM (TRIPLEX-Flux) | peng.changhui@uqam.ca |
| Ben Poulter | Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL modification | LPJ-wsl | ben.poulter@pik-potsdam.de |
| David Price | Canadian Integrated BIosphere Simulator | Can-IBIS | David.Price@NRCan-RNCan.gc.ca |
| William Riley | Isotope Land Surface Model | ISOLSM | wjriley@lbl.gov |
| Alok Sahoo | Simplified Simple Biosphere (SSiB) model | SSIB2 | aksahoo2004@gmail.com |
| Hanqin Tian | Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model | DLEM | tianhan@auburn.edu |
| Christina Tonitto | Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC) biogeochemical model | DNDC | ct244@cornell.edu |
| Hans Verbeeck | Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems | ORCHIDEE | Hans.Verbeeck@UGent.be |
Note: See Table 2 in Schaefer et al. (2012) for a summary of model characteristics and references.
2. Data Description:
This data set contains original output from 24 terrestrial biosphere models for six (or more) variables for each flux tower site: GPP, NEE, LAI, Re, LE, and sensible heat flux (H). File format and units conversions of several data submissions were made by the MAST-DC to produce NetCDF files of consistent content and structure for all 24 TBM outputs. The model outputs are structured as described in Appendix A: Model Output Variables, of the Site Synthesis Protocol.
2.1. Spatial Coverage
Site: North America
Site Boundaries:(All latitude and longitude given in decimal degrees)
| Site (Region) | Westernmost Longitude | Easternmost Longitude | Northernmost Latitude | Southernmost Latitude |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| North America | -170 | -50 | 84 | 10 |
2.2. Spatial Resolution
Point (lat/lon) centered on flux tower
2.3. Temporal Coverage
1990-2007
2.4. Temporal Resolution
Hourly or daily (The native time resolution of the input observations.)
2.5. Data File Information
There are 24 compressed (*.zip) files with this data set -- one file for each model. When expanded, the .zip files contain model output data files for the flux tower sites.
Generally there is one file per model per site, although several models also have separate files for each year. The model output site inclusion and specific variable content varies with different modeling teams. File sizes vary also. The model outputs are structured as described in Appendix A: Model Output Variables, of the Site Synthesis Protocol.
Note that if a modeling team did not submit estimates for a particular variable or variables, as listed in Appendix A: Model Output Variables, when the MAST-DC performed file format and units conversions, all of the values for the missing variable were set to missing (-999.0). This ensures that the NetCDF file structure is consistent across models and sites, but resulted in many variable fields with all missing values.
Table 1. Data Files. There are 24 compressed (*.zip) files with this data set -- one file for each model. When expanded, the .zip files contain model output data files for flux towers sites.
| COMPRESSED FILE NAMES |
|---|
| Agro-IBIS.zip |
| BEPS.zip |
| BIOME-BGC.zip |
| Can-IBIS.zip |
| CLM4.zip |
| CLM4VIC.zip |
| CN-CLASS.zip |
| DLEM.zip |
| DNDC.zip |
| ECLUEEDCM.zip |
| ECOSYS.zip |
| ED2.zip |
| EPIC.zip |
| ISAM.zip |
| ISOLSM.zip |
| LPJ.zip |
| LoTEC.zip |
| ORCHIDEE.zip |
| SSiB2.zip |
| SiB3.zip |
| SiBCASA.zip |
| SiBCrop.zip |
| TECO.zip |
| TRIPLEX.zip |
Table 2. Companion Files
| FILE NAME | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|
| site_information_basic.csv | Basic information about each flux tower site (site code, name, PI, affiliation, email, address, references, priority, biome, etc.) |
| site_information_extended.pdf | Summarizes site code, name, PI, affiliation, email, address, references, priority, biome, etc. |
| site_location_summary.csv | Summarizes all site location information required as input to all models: latitude, longitude, elevation, instrument height, biome, start and stop years, time zone shift to local standard time, and the flux time averaging period |
| site_synthesis_protocol_v7.pdf | Describes standardized site synthesis protocol |
| site_synthesis_documentation.pdf | Additional documentation for the three NACP Site Synthesis data sets |
3. Data Application and Derivation:
This data product contributes to a multidisciplinary research program to obtain scientific understanding of North America's carbon sources and sinks and of changes in carbon stocks needed to meet societal concerns and to provide tools for decision makers. The data were generated as part of a NACP site-level synthesis to evaluate and inter-compare models and observation measurements across North America.
The site-level NACP data set was used to assess how well models simulated carbon process across vegetation types and environmental conditions at 47 eddy covariance flux tower sites in North America. This data set includes the original model data submissions from 24 terrestrial biosphere models.
4. Quality Assessment:
The original model output submitted by modeling teams is archived with only format and units conversions. It is strongly recommended that users work closely with the modeling teams when using these data to ensure accurate analysis.
5. Data Acquisition Materials and Methods:
5.1 Participating Flux Tower Sites
Participating eddy flux covariance towers in the Site Synthesis were divided into a Priority 1 and a Priority 2 list. The Priority 1 sites represent a broad range of vegetation types and geographic regions to test each model’s performance under the fullest range of expected conditions across North America. No more than three Priority 1 sites were chosen to represent each of the major biome types in North America as defined by the IGBP biome classification.
The Priority 1 list represents the minimum number of tower sites required to evaluate model performance in North America. The Priority 2 list expands the site selection to include towers required for specialized analyses. Each participating site provided data as input to models and for comparison with model output, as described below.
An additional 11 flux tower sites that lacked ancillary and biological data were identified as third-priority sites (see Figure 1) but were not used as part of the model-data comparison.
For each site we used the unique FLUXNET code CC-XXX, where CC is a two-letter country code and XXX is a three-letter site code. The site codes are a unique identifier for each site and a convenient naming convention for all model input and output files.
Figure 1. Flux Tower Site Locations: First-priority sites (36 sites) and Second-priority sites (11 chronosequence sites) were used for the model-data comparison. The third-priority sites (11 sites) were not used as part of the model-data comparison.
Table 3. NACP Site-Level Synthesis - First-priority sites (36 sites). These sites have forcing and flux with uncertainty data but not all sites provided ancillary data.
| FLUXNET Site Code | Full Name | Period of Record1 | Flux w/ Uncertainty Data | Ancillary Data | State/Prov | Type2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US-ARM | ARM – Southern Great Plains | 2000-2006 | yes | yes | OK | CRO |
| US-Ne1 | Mead – Irrigated maize | 2001-2006 | yes | yes | NE | CRO |
| US-Ne2 | Mead – Irrigated maize/soybean | 2001-2006 | yes | yes | NE | CRO |
| US-Ne3 | Mead – Rainfed maize/soybean | 2001-2006 | yes | yes | NE | CRO |
| US-IB1 | Fermi Lab – Maize/soybean rotation | 2005-2007 | yes | yes | IL | CRO |
| CA-Let | Lethbridge Grassland | 1997-2006 | yes | yes | AB | GRA |
| US-Var | Vaira Ranch | 2001-2007 | yes | yes | CA | GRA |
| US-Shd | Shidler | 1997-2001 | yes | yes | OK | GRA |
| US-IB2 | Fermi Lab – Prairie | 2004-2007 | yes | yes | IL | GRA |
| CA-Oas | BERMS – Old Aspen | 1997-2006 | yes | yes | SK | DBF |
| US-Ha1 | Harvard Forest – EMS Tower | 1991-2006 | yes | yes | MA | DBF |
| US-Dk2 | Duke Forest – Hardwood | 2003-2005 | yes | yes | NC | DBF |
| US-UMB | University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) | 1998-2006 | yes | yes | MI | DBF |
| US-MMS | Morgan Monroe State Forest | 1999-2006 | yes | yes | IN | DBF |
| US-WCr | Willow Creek | 1998-2006 | yes | no | WI | DBF |
| US-MOz | Missouri Ozark | 2004-2007 | yes | yes | MO | DBF |
| CA-Man | BOREAS – Northern Study Area, Old Black Spruce | 1994-2006 | yes | yes | MB | ENFB |
| CA-Obs | BERMS – Old Black Spruce | 2000-2006 | yes | yes | SK | ENFB |
| CA-Ojp | BERMS – Old Jack Pine | 2000-2006 | yes | yes | SK | ENFB |
| CA-Qfo | Quebec – Mature Black Spruce | 2004-2006 | yes | yes | QB | ENFB |
| CA-Ca1 | Campbell River – Mature Douglas-fir | 1998-2006 | yes | yes | BC | ENFT |
| US-Dk3 | Duke Forest – Loblolly Pine | 1998-2005 | yes | yes | NC | ENFT |
| US-Ho1 | Howland Forest – Main Tower | 1996-2004 | yes | yes | ME | ENFT |
| US-Me2 | Metolius – Intermediate-aged Ponderosa Pine | 2002-2007 | yes | yes | OR | ENFT |
| US-NR1 | Niwot Ridge | 1998-2007 | yes | yes | CO | ENFT |
| CA-TP4 | Turkey Point – Mature | 2002-2007 | yes | yes | ON | ENFT |
| US-PFa | Park Falls / WLEF | 1997-2005 | yes | yes | WI | MF |
| US-Syv | Sylvania Wilderness Area | 2001-2006 | yes | yes | MI | MF |
| CA-Gro | Groundhog River Station | 2004-2006 | yes | yes | ON | MF |
| US-Ton | Tonzi Ranch | 2001-2007 | yes | yes | CA | WSA |
| US-SO2 | Sky Oaks – Old | 1998-2006 | yes | yes | CA | SHR |
| US-Brw | Barrow | 1998-2006 | yes | yes | AK | TUN |
| US-Atq | Atqasuk | 1999-2006 | yes | yes | AK | TUN |
| CA-Mer | Eastern Peatland – Mer Bleue | 1999-2006 | yes | yes | ON | WET |
| US-Los | Lost Creek | 2000-2006 | yes | no | WI | WET |
| CA-WP1 | Western Peatland – LaBiche River | 2003-2007 | yes | no | AB | WET |
Table 4. NACP Site-Level Synthesis - Second-priority sites (11 chronosequence sites). All second-priority sites have forcing data but not all sites have flux with uncertainty data and none provided ancillary data.
| FLUXNET Site Code | Full Name | Period of Record1 | Flux w/ Uncertainty Data | Ancillary Data | State/Prov | Type2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA-SJ1 | BERMS – Jack Pine, 1994 harvest | 2002-2005 | yes | no | SK | ENFB |
| CA-SJ2 | BERMS – Jack Pine, 2002 harvest | 2003-2006 | yes | no | SK | ENFB |
| CA_SJ3 | BERMS – Jack Pine, 1975 harvest | 2004-2005 | yes | no | SK | ENFB |
| CA-Ca2 | Campbell River – Douglas-fir clearcut | 2001-2006 | yes | no | BC | ENFT |
| CA-Ca3 | Campbell River – Douglas-fir juvenile | 2002-2006 | yes | no | BC | ENFT |
| US-Me3 | Metolius – Ponderosa Pine, young #2 | 2004-2005 | yes | no | OR | ENFT |
| US-Me4 | Metolius – Ponderosa Pine, old-growth | 1996-2000 | no | no | OR | ENFT |
| US-Me5 | Metolius – Ponderosa Pine, Young #1 | 1999-2002 | yes | no | OR | ENFT |
| CA-TP1 | Turkey Point – Young | 2003-2007 | no | no | ON | ENFT |
| CA-TP2 | Turkey Point – Seedling | 2003-2007 | no | no | ON | ENFT |
| CA-TP3 | Turkey Point – Middle-aged | 2003-2007 | no | no | ON | ENFT |
Notes (apply to both tables):
1Start-end years in the gap-filled weather data. Partial years (from flux data record) have been extended to complete years of surface weather data to simplify model forcing. 2Types were assigned for convenience in this project, to identify combination of vegetation type and climate zone as an aid in site selection. These type names are not intended to match the IGBP classification assigned in other databases. Class: CRO = crop; GRA = grassland; ENFB = evergreen needleleaf forest – boreal; ENFT = evergreen needle leaf forest – temperate; DBF = deciduous broadleaf forest; MF = mixed (deciduous/evergreen) forest; WSA = woody savanna; SHR = shrubland; TUN = tundra; and WET = wetland. An additional 11 flux tower sites, which lack ancillary and biological data templates, were identified as third-priority sites (see Figure 4) but were not used as part of the model-data comparison.
5.2 Site Synthesis Protocol
Participating modeling teams followed the NACP Site Synthesis Protocol (site_synthesis_protocol_v7.pdf), which covers procedures, plans, and infrastructure for the site-level analyses. MAST-DC provided each modeling team with standardized model input data for each flux tower site. The input data included: gap-filled, locally observed weather; remotely-sensed phenology; land use history; and site description data. The input data are described and provided in a related data set, NACP Site: Tower Meteorology, Flux Observations with Uncertainty, and Ancillary Data (10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1178). To ensure consistency, each modeling team followed standard model setup and spinup procedures (see the NACP Site Synthesis Protocol). All models used their standard values for various biophysical parameters except LoTEC, which used optimized parameter values obtained through data assimilation (Ricciuto et al., 2011).
5.3 Model Output
This data set contains the original model output data submissions from the 24 terrestrial biosphere models (TBM) that participated in the North American Carbon Program (NACP) Site-Level Synthesis. The model teams generated estimates for a minimum of six variables, including gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), leaf area index (LAI), ecosystem respiration (Re), latent heat flux (LE), and sensible heat flux (H) for each of 47 selected eddy covariance flux tower sites across North America. Participating modeling teams followed the NACP Site Synthesis Protocol (Site_Synthesis_Protocol_v7.pdf) which covers procedures, plans, and infrastructure for the site-level analyses. File format and units conversions of several data submissions were made by the MAST-DC to produce NetCDF files of consistent content and structure for all 24 TBM outputs. The model outputs are structured as described in Appendix A: Model Output Variables, of the Site Synthesis Protocol.
Some caveats about the original model output data:
• Generally there is one output file per model per site, although some models have separate files for each year.
• Note that not all models produced output estimates for all flux tower sites, therefore, site inclusion varies.
• Some models produced output estimates for additional variables which are included only in their data files.
• File sizes vary based on the individual modeling team’s submissions.
In addition, MAST-DC processed these original model submissions to derive uniquely processed and formatted data files for model inter-comparison and evaluation (NACP Site: Terrestrial Biosphere Model and Aggregated Flux Data in Standard Format). This related data set provides GPP, NEE, LAI, Re, LE, and sensible heat (H) model output variables at the native half-hourly time step, and in daily, monthly, and annual aggregations. The related data set also contains gap-filled observations and total uncertainty estimates at the same time steps.
6. Data Access:
This data set is available through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
Data Archive Center:
Contact for Data Center Access Information:
E-mail: uso@daac.ornl.gov
Telephone: +1 (865) 241-3952
7. References:
Denning, A.S., et al. 2005. Science implementation strategy for the North American Carbon Program: A Report of the NACP Implementation Strategy Group of the U.S. Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group. U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program, Washington, DC. 68 pp.
Ricciuto, D.M., A.W. King, D. Dragoni, and W.M. Post. 2011. Parameter and prediction uncertainty in an optimized terrestrial carbon cycle model: Effects of constraining variables and data record length, J. Geophys. Res. 116: G01033. doi:10.1029/2010JG001400
Schaefer, K., C. Schwalm, C. Williams, M.A. Arain, A. Barr, J. Chen, K.J. Davis, D. Dimitrov, T.W. Hilton, D.W. Hollinger, E. Humphreys, B. Poulter, B.M. Raczka, A.D. Richardson, A. Sahoo, P.E. Thornton, R. Vargas, H. Verbeeck, R. Anderson, I. Baker, T.A. Black, P. Bolstad, Jiquan Chen, P. Curtis, A.R. Desai, M. Dietze, D. Dragoni, C. Gough, R.F. Grant, L. Gu, A. Jain, C. Kucharik, B. Law, S. Liu, E. Lokipitiya, H.A. Margolis, R. Matamala, J.H. McCaughey, R. Monson, J.W. Munger, W. Oechel, C. Peng, D.T. Price, D. Ricciuto, W.J. Riley, N. Roulet, H. Tian, C. Tonitto, M. Torn, E. Weng, X. Zhou 2012. A model-data comparison of gross primary productivity: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 117: G03010. doi:10.1029/2012JG001960
Wofsy, S.C., and R.C. Harriss. 2002. The North American Carbon Program (NACP). Report of the NACP Committee of the U.S. Interagency Carbon Cycle Science Program. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC. 56 pp.
Additional Sources of Information:
Barr, A.G., D. Hollinger, and A. D. Richardson 2009. CO2 flux measurement uncertainty estimates for NACP. Eos Transactions SGU, 90(52), Fall Meeting, Abstract B54A-04.
Dietze, M.C., R. Vargas, A.D. Richardson, P.C. Stoy, A.G. Barr, R.S. Anderson, M.A. Arain, I.T. Baker, T.A. Black, J.M. Chen, P. Ciais, L.B. Flanagan, C.M. Gough, R.F. Grant, D. Hollinger, C. Izaurralde, C.J. Kucharik, P. Lafleur, S. Liu, E. Lokupitiya, Y. Luo, J.W. Munger, C. Peng, B. Poulter, D.T. Price, D.M. Ricciuto, W.J. Riley, A.K. Sahoo, K. Schaefer, A.E. Suyker, H. Tian, C. Tonitto, H. Verbeeck, S.B. Verma, W. Wang, and E. Weng. 2012. Characterizing the performance of ecosystem models across time scales: A spectral analysis of the North American Carbon Program site-level synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 116: G04029. doi:10.1029/2011JG001661
Keenan, T.F., I. Baker, A. Barr, P. Ciais, K. Davis, M. Dietze, D. Dragoni, C.M. Gough, R. Grant, D. Hollinger, K. Hufkens, B. Poulter, H. McCaughey, B. Rackza, Y. Ryu, K. Schaefer, H. Tian, H. Verbeeck, M. Zhao, and A.D. Richardson. 2012. Terrestrial biosphere model performance for inter-annual variability of land-atmosphere CO2 exchange. Global Change Biology 18(6): 1971–1987. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02678.x
Li H., M. Huang, M.S. Wigmosta, Y. Ke, A.M. Coleman, L.Y.R. Leung, A. Wang, and D.M. Ricciuto. 2011. Evaluating runoff simulations from the Community Land Model 4.0 using observations from flux towers and a mountainous watershed. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 116: D24120. doi:10.1029/2011JD016276
Richardson, A.D., R.S. Anderson, M.A. Arain, A.G. Barr, G. Bohrer, G. Chen, J.M. Chen, P. Ciais, K.J. Davis, A.R. Desai, M.C. Dietze, D. Dragoni, S.R. Garrity, C.M. Gough, R. Grant, D.Y. Hollinger, H.A. Margolis, H. McCaughey, M. Migliavacca, R.K. Monson, J.W. Munger, B. Poulter, B.M. Raczka, D.M. Ricciuto, A.K. Sahoo, K. Schaefer, H. Tian, R. Vargas, H. Verbeeck, J. Xiao, and Y. Xue. 2012. Terrestrial biosphere models need better representation of vegetation phenology: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. Global Change Biology 18(2): 566-584. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x
Schwalm, C., C.A. Williams, K. Schaefer, R. Anderson, M.A. Arain, I. Baker, A. Barr, T.A. Black, G. Chen, J.M. Chen, P. Ciais, K.J. Davis, A. Desai, M. Dietze, D. Dragoni, M.L. Fischer, L.B. Flanagan, R. Grant, L. Gu, D. Hollinger, R.C. Izaurralde, C. Kucharik, P. Lafleur, B.E. Law, L. Li, Z. Li, S. Liu, E. Lokupitiya, Y. Luo, S. Ma, H. Margolis, R. Matamala, H. McCaughey, R.K. Monson, W.C. Oechel, C. Peng, B. Poulter, D.T. Price, D.M. Riciutto, W. Riley, A. Kumar Sahoo, M. Sprintsin, J. Sun, H. Tian, C. Tonitto, H. Verbeeck, and S.B. Verma. 2010. A model-data intercomparison of CO2 exchange across North America: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 115: G00H05. doi:10.1029/2009jg001229
Sulman, B.N., A.R. Desai, N.M. Schroeder, D. Ricciuto, A. Barr, A.D. Richardson, L.B. Flanagan, P.M. Lafleur, H. Tian, G. Chen, R.F. Grant, B. Poulter, H. Verbeeck, P. Ciais, B. Ringeval, I.T. Baker, K. Schaefer, Y. Luo, and E. Weng. 2012. Impact of hydrological variations on modeling of peatland CO2 fluxes: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 117: G01031. doi:10.1029/2011JG001862