NACP MsTMIP: Global 0.5-degree Model Outputs in Standard Format, Version 2.0

This dataset provides an updated version of global gridded estimates of carbon, energy, and hydrologic fluxes between the land and atmosphere from 17 Terrestrial Biosphere Models (TBMs) in a standard format. Model estimates are at monthly and yearly time steps for the period 1900 to 2010, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degree x 0.5 degree globally, excluding Antarctica. In addition to estimates from individual models, this dataset also contains an ensemble of estimates (including mean and spread) for selected variables across models. Model ensembles are provided at monthly time steps. The 17 TBMs are models participating in the Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP): BIOME-BGC, CLASS-CTEM-N, CLM4, CLM4VIC, DLEM, GTEC, ISAM, JPL-CENTURY, JPL-HYLAND, LPJ-wsl, ORCHIDEE-LSCE, SiB3, SiBCASA, TEM6, TRIPLEX-GHG, VEGAS2.1, and VISIT. The data are provided in Climate & Forecast (CF) convention compatible netCDF version 4 format.

There are 1,797 files in netCDF v4 format with this dataset. Each file contains all time steps of a single variable output from one of five simulations by each model. Note that not all models performed all simulations. MsTMIP defined a list of required/optional variables to be generated by each model. This Version 2 release include model results from two additional models (JPL-CENTURY and JPL-HYLAND) and an ensemble of estimates (including mean and spread) for selected variables across models. No previously released data values have changed. 

 

This dataset provides an updated version of global gridded estimates of carbon, energy, and hydrologic fluxes between the land and atmosphere from 17 Terrestrial Biosphere Models (TBMs) in a standard format. Model estimates are at monthly and yearly time steps for the period 1900 to 2010, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degree x 0.5 degree globally, excluding Antarctica. In addition to estimates from individual models, this dataset also contains an ensemble of estimates (including mean and spread) for selected variables across models. Model ensembles are provided at monthly time steps. The 17 TBMs are models participating in the Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP): BIOME-BGC, CLASS-CTEM-N, CLM4, CLM4VIC, DLEM, GTEC, ISAM, JPL-CENTURY, JPL-HYLAND, LPJ-wsl, ORCHIDEE-LSCE, SiB3, SiBCASA, TEM6, TRIPLEX-GHG, VEGAS2.1, and VISIT. The data are provided in Climate & Forecast (CF) convention compatible netCDF version 4 format.

Project: North American Carbon Program (NACP)

The North American Carbon Program (NACP) is a multidisciplinary research program designed to improve understanding of North America's carbon sources, sinks, and stocks. The central objective is to measure and understand the sources and sinks of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) in North America and adjacent oceans. The NACP is supported by a number of different federal agencies.

The NACP Multi-scale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) is a formal model intercomparison and evaluation effort focused on improving the diagnosis and attribution of carbon exchange at regional and global scales (Huntzinger et al., 2013). The MsTMIP experimental design includes simulations run at two spatial resolutions (0.5 and 0.25-degree) and for two spatial domains (globally and regionally over North America) in order to assess model performance at scales relevant to carbon management and climate change predictions. MsTMIP builds upon current and past synthesis activities, and has a unique framework designed to isolate, interpret, and inform understanding of how model structural differences impact estimates of carbon uptake and release.

Acknowledgements

MsTMIP Phase 1 was funded by NASA's Terrestrial Ecology Program (Grant NNX11AO08A). During Phase 1, data management for MsMTIP was conducted by MAST-DC, with funding from NASA's Terrestrial Ecology Program (grant NNH10AN68I). This is a contribution of the North American Carbon Program.

Related Publication

Huntzinger, D. N., Schwalm, C., Michalak, A. M., Schaefer, K., King, A. W., Wei, Y., Jacobson, A., Liu, S., Cook, R. B., Post, W. M., Berthier, G., Hayes, D., Huang, M., Ito, A., Lei, H., Lu, C., Mao, J., Peng, C. H., Peng, S., Poulter, B., Riccuito, D., Shi, X., Tian, H., Wang, W., Zeng, N., Zhao, F., and Zhu, Q. 2013. The North American Carbon Program Multi-Scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 1: overview and experimental design. Geoscientific Model Development 6:2121-2133. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-2121-2013 

Related Datasets

Wei, Y., S. Liu, D.N. Huntzinger, A.M. Michalak, N. Viovy, W.M. Post, C.R. Schwalm, K. Schaefer, A.R. Jacobson, C. Lu, H. Tian, D.M. Ricciuto, R.B. Cook, J. Mao, and X. Shi. 2014. NACP MsTMIP: Global and North American Driver Data for Multi-Model Intercomparison. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1220

Liu, S., Y. Wei, W.M. Post, R.B. Cook, K. Schaefer, and M.M. Thornton. 2014. NACP MsTMIP: Unified North American Soil Map. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1242

Huntzinger, D.N., C.R. Schwalm, A.M. Michalak, K. Schaefer, Y. Wei, R.B. Cook, and A.R. Jacobson. 2014. NACP MsTMIP Summary of Model Structure and Characteristics. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1228

Fisher, J.B., M. Sikka, D.N. Huntzinger, C.R. Schwalm, and J. Liu. 2016. CMS: Modeled Net Ecosystem Exchange at 3-hourly Time Steps, 2004-2010. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/131

Spatial Coverage: Global (excluding Antarctica)

Spatial Resolution: 0.5 x 0.5 degree

Temporal Coverage: 1900-01-01 to 2010-12-31

Temporal Resolution: Monthly or yearly

Study Area  (All latitudes and longitudes are given in decimal degrees.)

Site	Westernmost Longitude	Easternmost Longitude	Northernmost Latitude	Southernmost Latitude
Global	-180.00	180.00	90.00	-90.00

Data Description

There are 1,797 files in netCDF v4 format with this dataset; one file for each variable per simulation (five simulations) per model (17 models plus model ensemble). Note that not all models performed all simulations. Each file contains global gridded data with 1,320 (for monthly data) or 110 (for yearly data) time intervals from 1901 to 2010. Open water pixels are set to -9999 (treated as fill value).

Data file naming convention:

MODELNAME_SIMULATIONCODE_TIMERESOLUTION_VARIABLENAME.nc4, where:

• MODELNAME is one of the 17 models defined in column “Model Name” of Table 1 or the model ensemble.
• SIMULATIONCODE is one of the 5 simulations, defined in column “Simulation Name” of Table 2.
• TIMERESOLUTION is either “Monthly” or “Annual”.
• VARIABLENAME is one of the 45 variables, defined in column “Variable Name” column of Table 3.

Example file names:

• ENSEMBLE_BG1_Monthly_GPP.nc4
• TEM6_SG3_Monthly_GPP.nc4
• TRIPLEX-GHG_SG2_Annual_CarbPools.nc4

Table 1. MsTMIP Models

Model Name	Institution	Country
BIOME-BGC	BIOME-BGC	USA
CLASS-CTEM-N	CLASS-CTEM-N	Canada
CLM4	CLM4	USA
CLM4VIC	CLM4VIC	USA
DLEM	DLEM	USA
GTEC	GTEC	USA
ISAM	ISAM	USA
JPL-CENTURY	JPL-CENTURY	USA
JPL-HYLAND	JPL-HYLAND	USA
LPJ-wsl	LPJ-wsl	France
ORCHIDEE-LSCE	ORCHIDEE-LSCE	France
SiB3	SiB3	USA
SiBCASA	SiBCASA	USA
TEM6	TEM6	USA
TRIPLEX-GHG	TRIPLEX-GHG	Canada
VEGAS2.1	VEGAS2.1	USA
VISIT	VISIT	Japan; USA

Table 2. MsTMIP Global Simulations

Simulation Name	Climate Forcing	Land-Use History	X3	X4
RG1	Constant	Constant	Constant	Constant
SG1	CRU+NCEP	Constant	Constant	Constant
SG2	CRU+NCEP	Time-varying	Constant	Constant
SG3	CRU+NCEP	Time-varying	Time-varying	Constant
BG1	CRU+NCEP	Time-varying	Time-varying	Time-varying

Table 3. MsTMIP Variables

Variable Name	Long Name	Units	Description
AbvGrndWood	Above ground woody biomass	kg C m-2	Total above ground wood biomass
AutoResp	Autotrophic Respiration	kg C m-2 s-1	Autotrophic respiration rate
CarbPools	Size of each carbon pool	kg C m-2	Size of each carbon pool
CO2air	Near surface CO2 concentration	μmol mol-1	Near surface dry air CO2 mole fraction
Evap	Total Evapotranspiration	kg m-2 s-1	Sum of all evaporation sources, averaged over a grid cell
Fdepth	Frozen Layer Thickness	m	Total freeze depth; depth to zero centigrade isotherm in non-permafrost
Fire_flux	Fire emissions	kg C m-2 s-1	Flux of carbon due to fires
fPAR	Absorbed fraction incoming PAR	(-) *	Absorbed fraction incoming photosyntetically active radiation
GPP	Gross Primary Productivity	kg C m-2 s-1	Rate of photosynthesis
HeteroResp	Heterotrophic Respiration	kg C m-2 s-1	Heterotrophic respiration rate
LAI	Leaf Area Index	m2 m-2	Area of leaves per area ground
LW_albedo	Longwave Albedo	(-) *	Longwave albedo
LWdown	Surface incident longwave radiation	W m-2	Surface incident longwave radiation
Lwnet	Net Longwave Radiation	W m-2	Incident lonwave radiation minus the simulated outgoing longwave radiation, averaged over a grid cell
NEE	Net Ecosystem Exchange	kg C m-2 s-1	NEE=(HeteroResp+AutoResp) + Disturbance_Emissions + Product_Emissions – GPP
NEP	Net Ecosystem Productivity	kg C m-2 s-1	Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP=GPP-(HeteroResp+AutoResp))
npool	Number Carbon Pools	(-) *	Total number of carbon pools
NPP	Net Primary Productivity	kg C m-2 s-1	Net Primary Productivity (NPP=GPP-AutoResp)
nsoil	Number Soil Layers	(-) *	Total number of soil layers
poolname	Name of each Carbon Pool		Name of each carbon pool (i.e., wood, or Coarse Woody Debris)
Psurf	Surface pressure	Pa	Surface pressure
Qair	Near surface specific humidity	kg kg-1	Near surface specific humidity
Qh	Sensible heat	W m-2	Sensible heat flux averaged over a grid cell
Qle	Latent heat	W m-2	Latent heat flux, averaged over a grid cell
Qs	Surface runoff	kg m-2 s-1	Runoff from the land surface and/or subsurface stormflow
Qsb	Subsurface runoff	kg m-2 s-1	Gravity drainage and/or slow response lateral flow. Ground water recharge will have the opposite sign.
Rainf	Rainfall rate	kg m-2 s-1	Rainfall rate
SnowDepth	Total snow depth	m	Total snow depth
SoilMoist	Average Layer Soil Moisture	kg m-2	Soil water content in each user-defined soil layer (3D variable). Includes the liquid, vapor and solid phases of water in the soil.
SoilTemp	Average Layer Soil Temperature	K	Average soil temperature in each user-defined soil layer (3D variable)
SoilWet	Total Soil Wetness	(-) *	Vertically integrated soil moisture divided by maximum allowable soil oisture above wilting point.
SW_albedo	Shortwave Albedo	(-) *	Shortwave albedo
SWdown	Surface incident shortwave radiation	W m-2	Surface incident shortwave radiation
SWE	Snow Water Equivalent	kg m-2	Total water mass of snow pack (ice plus liquid water)
SWnet	Net shortwave radiation	W m-2	Incoming solar radiation less the simulated outgoing shortwave radiation, averaged over a grid cell
Tair	Near surface air temperature	K	Near surface air temperature
Tdepth	Active Layer Thickness	m	Total thaw depth; depth to zero centigrade isotherm in permafrost
TotalResp	Total Respiration	kg C m-2 s-1	Total respiration (TotalResp=AutoResp+HeteroResp)
TotLivBiom	Total living biomass	kg C m-2	Total carbon content of the living biomass (leaves+roots+wood)
TotSoilCarb	Total Soil Carbon	kg C m-2	Total soil and litter carbon content integrated over the entire soil profile
Veg	Transpiration	kg m-2 s-1	Total plant transpiration
Wind	Near surface module of the wind	m s-1	Near surface module of the wind
z_bottom	Soil Layer Bottom Depth	m	Depth from soil surface to bottom of soil layer
z_node	Soil Layer Node Depth	m	Depth from soil surface to layer prognostic variables; typically center of soil layer
z_top	Soil Layer Top Depth	m	Depth from soil surface to top of soil layer

 * (-) is the MsTMIP convention to denote dimensionless variables.

The factors that influence the spatial and temporal evolution of carbon sources and sinks vary across the globe. However, the precision, as well as the spatial and temporal resolution, of available driver data varies greatly across regions. This dataset provides modeled data from simulations that used standardized driver datasets.

This dataset contains all model results that have undergone basic screening. During screening every effort was made to semantically map original outputs provided by the modeling teams to the required MsTMIP set of variables. In addition to semantic checks, screening also included checks on sign convention, limits (e.g., negative values for GPP), as well as whether model output conforms to the spatiotemporal resolution and simulation protocol of MsTMIP. Screening results are provided in Section 5 of this document.

Inclusion in MsTMIP Version 2 does not imply that the model results themselves are error free; merely that basic thresholds for usability in scientific manuscripts have been met.

The model output data provided with this dataset includes carbon, energy, and hydrologic fluxes between the land and atmosphere at monthly and yearly time steps. The models’ results were processed to semantically map original outputs, provided by the modeling teams, to the required MsTMIP set of variables. The screened and processed outputs were then formatted as CF-compliant netCDF files. Refer to Table 1 in Section 2 of this document for additional model information.

Driver Data

To ensure consistent and comparable model results, the models used MsTMIP benchmark reference driver datasets, including standard weather drivers, remotely sensed phenology, biome classification, land-use history, and disturbance for use by all participating modeling teams (Wei et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014).

Model Screening

MsTMIP defined a list of required/optional variables to be generated by each model.

MsTMIP Version 2 contains all model results that have undergone basic screening. During screening every effort was made to semantically map original outputs provided by the modeling teams to the required MsTMIP set of variables.

Screening also included checks on sign convention, limits (e.g., negative values for GPP), as well as whether model output conformed to the spatiotemporal resolution and simulation protocol of MsTMIP. This screening was performed on a test subset of model variables: AutoResp, Evap, GPP, HeteroResp, NEE, NEP, NPP, TotalResp, and TotLivBiom.

During this process special emphasis was placed on NEE. The MsTMIP protocol defines NEE as: Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp + AutoResp + Disturbance_Emissions + Product_Emissions - GPP; where Disturbance_Emissions is assumed to include fire flux and land use change emissions. Most models cannot simulate all NEE sub-processes. Similarly, several models cannot simulate all five MsTMIP global simulations. Any deviations from the protocol, e.g., missing NEE sub-process, simulation availability, and/or other issues, are noted below for each model.

Important User Note

It is important to remember that the model results provided in this dataset are not original model outputs from participating models. Rather, outputs have undergone post-processing to match the MsTMIP protocol as much as possible. Steps in that processing are detailed below for each model and include semantic remapping of model outputs. Finally, inclusion in MsTMIP Version 2 does not imply that the model results themselves are error free; merely that basic thresholds for usability in scientific manuscripts have been met.

Screening and Post-Processing Details for Each Model

BIOME-BGC

SG2 and SG3 are not available. For all simulations fixed land cover types are used. For BG1, only constant N deposition is used. For RG1, only 1801 to 1900 are simulated. This time period was mapped to 1901-2010 by using 1801-1810 as 1901-1910 and 1801-1900 as 1911-2010. 

Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Fire_flux-GPP; land use change and product emissions are not simulated.

CLASS-CTEM-N

Units do not match protocol for Evap and some large outlying values present in carbon fluxes. All carbon fluxes are capped at 1000 gC m^-2 month^-1. Values in exceedance of this threshold are set to NA. Barren/vegetated mask excludes high productivity vegetated areas. 

Net Ecosystem Exchange = -Net Ecosystem Productivity; disturbance emissions (fire flux and land use change emissions) and product emissions are not simulated.

CLM4

Original NEP has units gC m^-2 s^-1; NEP was converted to kgC m^-2 s^-1 during processing.

Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2)+Product_Emissions_(CO2)-GPP.,where
Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2) includes fire flux and land use change emissions. Net Ecosystem Exchange also includes hrv_xsmrpool flux (maintenance respiration deficit).

CLM4VIC

Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2)+Product_Emissions_(CO2)-GPP, where
Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2) includes fire flux and land use change emissions. Net Ecosystem Exchange also includes hrv_xsmrpool flux (maintenance respiration deficit).

DLEM

DLEM simulates latitudinal bands -88.25 to +88.25 only, the missing bands were infilled as ocean or barren pixels. 

The Net Ecosystem Exchange reported does not incorporate all reported simulated subcomponents. It is calculated using mass balance: Net Ecosystem Exchange =  HeteroResp+AutoResp-GPP+Proddec+Lulc, where
Proddec is Product_Emissions_(CO2) and Lulc is annual land use change emissions. Lulc is first apportioned equally across all 12 months. DLEM does not simulate fire flux.

GTEC

BG1 is not available. For RG1 only 1900 to 1999 are simulated. This time period was mapped to 1901-2010 by using 1900-1910 as 1901-1910 and 1900-1999 as 1911-2010. Lat 90.75N and Lon: 81.25E is a bad pixel (e.g., GPP c.1 300 gC m^-2 month^-1 for a tundra pixel). Pixel set to zero for all screened variables.

Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Product_Emissions_(CO2)-GPP; fire flux and land use change emissions are not simulated.

ISAM

HeteroResp flux original units in kgC m^-2 week^-1; units converted (using an average week/month ratio of 365/12/7) to kgC m^-2 s^-1 during processing.TotLivBiom (calculated using mass balance: C_leaf+C_rootc+C_rootf+C_stem [the sum of all live carbon pools]) units are kgC m^-2 s^-1; TotLivBiom is converted to kgC m^-2 during processing.

The Net Ecosystem Exchange reported does not incorporate all reported simulated subcomponents. It is calculated using mass balance:
Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Ld-GPP; where Ld is Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2). Ld original units kgC m^-2 month^-1 are converted to kgC m^-2 s^-1 for this calculation. Fire flux and product emissions are not simulated.

JPL-CENTURY

None.

JPL-HYLAND

None.

LPJ-wsl

BG1 is not available. A dynamic global vegetation model is used for natural vegetation (as opposed to the prescribed forcing data for land cover/use change), while the crop grid cell fraction is determined by the forcing data.

Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2)-GPP; where
Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2) includes both fire flux and land use change emissions. Product emissions are not simulated. Net Ecosystem Exchange also includes grazing emissions.

ORCHIDEE-LSCE

BG1 is not available.

Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2)+Product_Emissions_(CO2)-GPP; where
isturbance_Emissions_(CO2) includes only land use change emissions. Fire flux is not simulated.

SiB3

BG1 is not available. SiB3 lacks carbon pools. 

Net Ecosystem Exchange = -Net Ecosystem Productivity; disturbance emissions (fire flux and land use change emissions) and product emissions are not simulated.

SiBCASA

BG1 is not available. 
Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2)-GPP; where
Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2) includes only land use change emissions. Fire flux and product emissions are not simulated.

TEM

RG1/SG1 have a different barren/vegetated mask than BG1/SG2/SG3 in the original model output. To harmonize the barren/vegetated mask for all simulations the BG1 mask is used for RG1/SG1 during processing.

Several model outputs contain bands, linear features, on a North-South axis, with missing or abnormally small values located in either North America (Quebec), South America (Colombia-Brazil-Peru), and/or Africa (longitude 15.25E from 31.75N to 25.75S). These were infilled using nearest neighbor interpolation.
Banded output by simulation: BG1, RG1, SG1, SG3: GPP, HeteroResp, NEE, NPP, SWE, TotLivBiom, TotSoilCarb

SG2: All variables

Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2)+Product_Emissions_(CO2)-GPP, where
Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2) includes fire flux and land use change emissions.

TRIPLEX-GHG

SG1 is not available. For all simulations fixed land cover types are used. Original model output saved as one file per variable per month. e.g., a single file contains every month of June from 1901 to 2010 for a given output field. All carbon flux original units in gC m^-2 month^-1 10000^-1; these are converted to kgC m^-2 s^-1 during processing. 

Evap original units in mm day^-1; Evap is converted to kg m^-2 s^-1 during processing. 

Net Ecosystem Exchange = -Net Ecosystem Productivity; disturbance emissions (fire flux and land use change emissions) and product emissions are not simulated.

VEGAS2.1

BG1 is not available. The prescribed forcing data for land cover/use change is not used for unmanaged land. Instead a dynamic global vegetation model is used. For managed land, --crop/pasture fraction and wood harvest-- the prescribed forcing data was used.

Net Ecosystem Exchange = HeteroResp+AutoResp+Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2)+Product_Emissions_(CO2)-GPP, where
Disturbance_Emissions_(CO2) includes fire flux and land use change emissions.

VISIT

BG1 is not available. For RG1 and SG1 Net Ecosystem Exchange values are identical. RG1 contains a different set of variables; only GPP, NEE, CarbonPools1-3, and Evap are available.

Net Ecosystem Exchange = -1 * Net Ecosystem Productivity; disturbance emissions (fire flux and land use change emissions) and product emissions are not simulated.

Model Ensembles

For select monthly variables (i.e., GPP, NEE, NEP, NPP, TotalResp, TotLivBiom, and TotSoilCarb) in each of the five simulations, the ensemble mean (e.g., NPP_mean) and standard deviation or spread (e.g., NPP_spread) were calculated across models. Note that since not all models ran all five simulations, produced all variables, nor covered global land areas, the number of models used to calculate the ensemble mean and spread varied across variables, simulations, and grid cells. The VAR_n (e.g., NPP_n) variable in the ensemble NetCDF files provides the number of models used to create ensemble mean and spread on each grid cell. The “source” global attribute in each ensemble NetCDF file lists names of all the models used to create a particular ensemble NetCDF file.

Huntzinger, D. N., Schwalm, C., Michalak, A. M., Schaefer, K., King, A. W., Wei, Y., Jacobson, A., Liu, S., Cook, R. B., Post, W. M., Berthier, G., Hayes, D., Huang, M., Ito, A., Lei, H., Lu, C., Mao, J., Peng, C. H., Peng, S., Poulter, B., Riccuito, D., Shi, X., Tian, H., Wang, W., Zeng, N., Zhao, F., and Zhu, Q. 2013. The North American Carbon Program Multi-Scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 1: overview and experimental design. Geoscientific Model Development 6:2121-2133. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-2121-2013

 

Huntzinger, D.N., C.R. Schwalm, A.M. Michalak, K. Schaefer, Y. Wei, R.B. Cook, and A.R. Jacobson. 2014. NACP MsTMIP Summary of Model Structure and Characteristics. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1228

Fisher, J.B., M. Sikka, D.N. Huntzinger, C.R. Schwalm, and J. Liu. 2016. CMS: Modeled Net Ecosystem Exchange at 3-hourly Time Steps, 2004-2010. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/131

Liu, S., Y. Wei, W.M. Post, R.B. Cook, K. Schaefer, and M.M. Thornton. 2014. NACP MsTMIP: Unified North American Soil Map. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1242

Wei, Y., S. Liu, D. Huntzinger, A. Michalak, N. Viovy, W. Post, C. Schwalm, K. Schaefer,  A. Jacobson, and C. Lu. 2014. The North American Carbon Program Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project–Part 2: environmental driver data. Geoscientific Model Development 7:2875-2893. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014

Wei, Y., S. Liu, D.N. Huntzinger, A.M. Michalak, N. Viovy, W.M. Post, C.R. Schwalm, K. Schaefer, A.R. Jacobson, C. Lu, H. Tian, D.M. Ricciuto, R.B. Cook, J. Mao, and X. Shi. 2014. NACP MsTMIP: Global and North American Driver Data for Multi-Model Intercomparison. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1220