The Storm Event Stream Flow Data Set were collected during storm events from five treatment areas within the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site located within the northwest quadrant of the FIFE study area. These data were recorded so that the hydrology of the streams draining the tallgrass prairie could be studied. Moreover, these data were collected to determine the effect of burn frequency of a watershed upon runoff. Data are available from June 14, 1985, through December 31, 1987.
The V-throated flume and standpipes used at the LTER weirs operated on the principle that the height of the water level in the standpipe at a specific location within a weir of known dimensions can be converted to volume of water in the stream. The change of this instantaneous volume with time could then be used to compute volumetric stream flow. The V-notch, sharp-crested weir used in watershed 1D operated on the principle that water flowing past a point of known dimensions per unit time could be converted through standard equations to volumetric flow.
Stream Flow Storm Data (FIFE)
(Storm Event Stream Flow).
The Storm Event Stream Flow Data Set contains water flow and stage height stream data collected during storm events.
The water flow through five creeks in the Konza LTER site during storm events was recorded so that the hydrology of the streams draining the tallgrass prairie could be studied. Moreover, these data were collected to determine the effect of burn frequency of a watershed upon runoff.
Water flow and stage height of streams during storm events.
These data were collected during storm events from five treatment areas within the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, which is located within the northwest quadrant of the FIFE study area. Data are available from June 14, 1985 through December 31, 1987. These data indicate that burning affects the hydrology of a basin.
This data set contains daily stream flow data for the four LTER gauges on tributaries to Kings Creek and for the USGS gauge near the mouth of Kings Creek.
This data set contains the 15 minute stream flow data from the USGS recording gauge on Kings Creek.
STREAM_FLOW_STORM_DATA.
Staff Science
and
James R. Wang
NASA/GSFC
Staff Science Soil Moisture and Hydrology Data Acquisition Program.
and
Estimation of Soil Moisture and Other Surface Parameters from Airborne and Satellite Visible, Infrared and Microwave Data.
Contact 1: Contact 2: Email: jmb@andro.konza.ksu.edu
This data product was produced by the Staff of the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site at Kansas State University and FIFE Investigator Team of James Wang from NASA/GSFC. Their dedicated work is greatly appreciated. The LTER staff collected these data under grant BSR 8514327 awarded to Kansas State University by the National Science Foundation.
The V-throated flume and standpipes used at the LTER weirs operated on the principle that the height of the water level in the standpipe at a specific location within a weir of known dimensions can be converted to volume of water in the stream. The change of this instantaneous volume with time could then be used to compute volumetric stream flow. See Replogle (1978) for a more in-depth discussion of the theory associated with this type of weir. The V-notch, sharp-crested weir used in watershed 1D operated on the principle that water flowing past a point of known dimensions per unit time could be converted through standard equations to volumetric flow. The basic features of this type of weir is described in Bos (1976) with more information about their ratings in Chow (1964).
At the LTER sites the weir created a V-throated flume. There was a standpipe associated with the weir through which the gauge height was measured. The weir on watershed 1D was a 120 degree V-notch, sharp-crested weir.
Ground-based.
The LTER weir is built into the stream bed. The weir on watershed 1D installed by the Wang et al. research team was installed across the stream bed.
To measure the volume of stream flow during storms.
Water flow, stage height of stream, and time.
The LTER weirs were constructed in the stream bed with a specific configuration so that the height of the water as it flows through the weir could be measured using a pressure transducer. The gauge height is measured as the pressure of the water in a standpipe associated with the V-throated weir. This height is then converted to a volumetric flow since the geometry of the weir is known. The 120 degree V-notch, sharp-crested weir established by the FIFE PI team (Wang et al.) was installed across the stream. The water backs up behind the metal plate installed across the stream. The water flows through the V-notch in the metal plate. The height of the water in the pond behind the weir is recorded by an analog recorder.
The LTER weirs were V-throated flumes. The weir on watershed 1D established specifically for the FIFE experiment was a 120 degree V-notch, sharp-crested weir. The 1D weir was installed by digging a trench in the channel and putting pre-cut plywood panels into the channel and attaching a galvanized steel 120 degree sharp-crested notched weir. An instrument shelter, to house a FW-1 analog recorder was mounted on a plastic stilling well.
The LTER weirs were built by the staff of the Konza LTER site using a design described in Replogle et al. (1978). Pressure transducers: Model No. PDCR 10/D Data logger: Model No. CR-21X Data recorder: Model PC201 The weir on watershed 1D was built by the FIFE investigator team of Wang et al.
The LTER weirs were not calibrated during a storm flow. The weirs were only calibrated during normal stream flow (see the Daily Stream Flow Amounts document for a description of those calibration methods). The weir on watershed 1D was calibrated by timed volumetric measurements during periods of recession when the head was constant. The calibration curve was parallel to the theoretical but slightly displaced (i.e., higher) from it.
The LTER weirs were calibrated at different discharge volumes. These calibrations indicate that the conversion from gauge height to volumetric flow employs different geometric relationships at gauge heights less that 18.25 cm and at heights above 18.25 cm.
Tolerance of the LTER weirs and that of Wang et al. is not available at this revision.
Gauge height for the LTER weirs is calibrated at least weekly by making actual measurements of the gauge height. Frequency of calibration is unknown for the weir on watershed 1D.
None.
The stream gauge height on the LTER weirs was automatically measured every minute with the Druck pressure transducers. These one minute values were recorded and averaged every five minutes into 5 minute averages. The data were then dumped from the data logger to a cassette tape. These data were then dumped from tape to an IBM PC where they were then converted to volumetric stream flow. The upstream head of water behind the weir at watershed 1D was recorded on an analog recorder.
Not available.
The stream gauge on watershed 1D was installed especially for the FIFE experiment, in May of 1987.
The FIFE study area, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
Not available.
These are point data, however, they represent the total water flow from the portion of the watershed that is upstream from the weir.
Not available.
Not available.
The overall time period of data acquisition was from January 1, 1987 through January 1, 1988.
Not available.
Observations are made every 5 minutes during a storm.
The SQL definition for this table is found in the STRM_ST.TDF file located on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1.
SITEGRID_ID
This is a FIS grid location code. FIS
Site grid codes (SSEE-III) give
the south (SS) and east (EE) cell
number in a 100 x 100 array of
200 m square cells. The last 3
characters(III) are an instrument
identifier.
Footnote: ** Decode the FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE field as follows: The primary certification codes are: EXM Example or Test data (not for release) PRE Preliminary (unchecked, use at your own risk) CPI Checked by Principal Investigator (reviewed for quality) CGR Checked by a group and reconciled (data comparisons and cross checks) The certification code modifiers are: PRE-NFP Preliminary - Not for publication, at the request of investigator. CPI-MRG PAMS data which is "merged" from two separate receiving stations to eliminate transmission errors. CPI-??? Investigator thinks data item may be questionable.
These are point data, however, they represent the total water flow from the portion of the watershed that is upstream from the weir. Observations were made every 5 minutes during a storm. A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begins with five header records. Header records contain the following information: Record 1 Name of this file, its table name, number of records in this file, path and name of the document that describes the data in this file, and name of principal investigator for these data. Record 2 Path and filename of the previous data set, and path and filename of the next data set. (Path and filenames for files that contain another set of data taken at the same site on the same day.) Record 3 Path and filename of the previous site, and path and filename of the next site. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken on the same day for the previous and next sites (sequentially numbered by SITEGRID_ID)). Record 4 Path and filename of the previous date, and path and filename of the next date. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken at the same site for the previous and next date.) Record 5 Column names for the data within the file, delimited by commas. Record 6 Data records begin. Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in the Data Characteristics Section and described in detail in the TDF file. These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
Gauge height measurements made by the LTER staff at SITEGRID IDs 2422-STV, 2421-STV, 2323-STV, 2423-STV are converted to stream discharge using the rating curves (Replogle et. al. 1978) that follow. Use the following equation when gauge height is > 18.25 cm: Use the following equation when gauge height is between 0 - 18.25 cm: where: The data at SITEGRID_ID 3230-STW (watershed 1D) is converted to stream discharge using the basic weir equation (Kulin and Compton 1975), which is valid for any notch angle. where: Therefore: where: Converting so that Q is expressed in Liters/sec: This is the theoretical equation for a sharp-crested 120 degree V-notch weir. Actual flow rates may vary from this theoretical because of 1) upstream flow conditions, 2) the weir does not have a knife sharp edge, or 3) effective velocity at the stilling well greater than zero. To correct for these differences, the weir was calibrated volumetrically in the field. The resulting flow equation was used in computing the flow rates: where:
Not available at this revision.
The data collected at the 4 LTER stations is processed using the following steps:
a) When all values are off by the same amount a value is added
or subtracted from all entries.
b) When values are wrong on both ends of a time period or at one
end and not the other, a linear regression derived from the actual
stage height recorded on the log sheets is performed.
c) When there is no flow observed yet there is an indication of
flow on the data logger all values are changed to 0.
d) When there is no drift, the data is not altered.
The data collected at SITEGRID_ID 3230-STW is processed using the following steps: None known at this revision.
See the Formulae Section above.
None known at this revision.
None.
Errors in the data collected by the LTER site staff may arise from several sources:
Errors in the data collected by the investigator team at SITEGRID_ID 3230-STW (watershed 1D) may arise from several sources:
The LTER site staff make spot checks of the stage height during storm events. These spot calibrations are used to create a calibration for the stage height during the storm event. The data validation activities were periodically performed by the personnel on site at watershed 1D and field calibration checks were made periodically.
The quality of the data collected by the staff of the LTER site is thought to range from poor to excellent, generally it is considered to be excellent data. No formal quality assurance is done, however, missing values are inserted when the data is known to be very poor. A course check is routinely made of these data. The data collected by the research group Wang et. al. are thought to range from good to excellent.
The measurement error for the data collected by the staff of the LTER site is unknown. The errors for the weir on watershed 1D at SITEGRID_ID 3230-STW was as follows: FIS staff applied a general Quality Assessment (QA) procedure to the data to identify inconsistencies and problems for potential users. As a general procedure, the FIS QA consisted of examining the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for each numerical field in the data table. An attempt was made to find an explanation for unexpected high or low values, values outside of the normal physical range for a variable, or standard deviations that appeared inconsistent with the mean. In some cases, histograms were examined to determine whether outliers were consistent with the shape of the data distribution. No discrepancies were identified.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below. The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its online data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps: Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process. Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows: As errors are discovered in the online tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
None known at this revision.
The data collected by the LTER site staff should be used with caution. It should be checked against the spot measurements which are available from the LTER site at Kansas State University (KSU). See the Contact Information Section for contact information.
None known at this revision.
This data set can be used to study the hydrology of the streams draining the tallgrass prairie and determine the effect of burn frequency of a watershed upon runoff.
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services Telephone: (865) 241-3952 Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center Telephone: (865) 241-3952 Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
FIFE data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
The Storm Event Stream Flow data are available on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The CD-ROM filename is as follows: \DATA\HYDROLGY\STRM_ST\GRIDxxxx\YyyMmm\ydddgrid.SST Where xxxx is the four digit code for the location within the FIFE site grid, yy is the last two digits of the year (e.g., Y87 = 1987), and mm is the month of the year (e.g., M12 = December). Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that change for each path and file. The format used for the filenames is: ydddgrid.sfx, where grid is the four-number code for the location within the FIFE site grid, y is the last digit of the year (e.g., 7 = 1987, and 9 = 1989), and ddd is the day of the year (e.g., 061 = sixty-first day in the year). The filename extension (.sfx), identifies the data set content for the file (see the Data Characteristics Section) and is equal to .SST for this data set.
Anonymous. 1993. Methods Manual for Konza Prairie Research Natural Area. Konza LTER publication. Bos, M.G. (ed). 1976. Discharge Measurement Structures, Publication No. 161. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. Delft. The Netherlands. 464 pgs. Chow, V.T. 1964. Handbook of Applied Hydrology: 7-47. McGraw-Hill Book Company. N.Y. Kulin, G. and P.R. Compton. 1975. A Guide to Methods and Standards for the Measurement of Water Flow. National Bureau of Standards. Spec. Publ. 421. Replogle, J.A., H. Reikert, B.F. Swindel. 1978. Water Monitoring in Coastal Forest Watershed Studies. IMPAC Report 2, Vol. 3. No. 2. Southwestern Forest Expt. Station. USDA. Gainesville, Florida.
Engman, E.T., G. Angus, W.P. Kustas, J.R. Wang. 1989. Relationships Between the Hydrologic Balance of a Small Watershed and Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture. Proceedings. IAHS Third Scientific Assembly. Baltimore. IAHS Publication No. 186. pp 75-84. Peck, E.L., T.R. Carrol, D.M. Lipinski. 1990. Airborne Gamma Radiation Soil Moisture Measurements Over Short Flight Lines. Symposium on FIFE. Am. Meteorol. Soc. Boston, Massachusetts. p 79-84 Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, G. Asrar, D.E. Strebel, and R.E. Murphy. 1988. The First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE). Am. Meteor. Soc. 69:22-27. Sivapalan, M., K.J. Beven, and E.F. Wood. 1987. On Hydrologic Similarity: A Scaled Model of Storm Runoff Production. Water Resource Res. 23:2266-2278. Wang, J.R., J.C. Shiue, T.J. Schmugge, E.T. Engman. 1989. The Soil Moisture Variation of Two Small Watersheds in Konza Prairie as Estimated from the L-Band Radiometric Measurements. Remote Sensing of the Environment. 27:305-312. Wood, E.F. 1990. Water Balance Model for Kings Creek. Symposium on FIFE. Am. Meteorol. Soc. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 163-166.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or online access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at Glossary.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
May 11, 1994 (citation revised on October 14, 2002). Warning: This document has not been checked for technical or editorial accuracy by the FIFE Information Scientist. There may be inconsistencies with other documents, technical or editorial errors that were inadvertently introduced when the document was compiled or references to preliminary data that were not included on the final CD-ROM. Previous versions of this document have been reviewed by the Principal Investigator, the person who transmitted the data to FIS, a FIS staff member, or a FIFE scientist generally familiar with the data.
September 22, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_STRM_ST.
Wang, J. R. 1994. Stream Flow Storm Data (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/120. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.), Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).
John M. Briggs
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS
Edwin T. Engman
NASA/GSFC
Greenbelt, MD 20771
Telephone: (301) 286-5355
Requested Form of Acknowledgment.
3. Theory of Measurements:
4. Equipment:
Sensor/Instrument Description:
Collection Environment:
Source/Platform:
Source/Platform Mission Objectives:
Key Variables:
Principles of Operation:
Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry:
Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument:
Calibration:
Specifications:
Tolerance:
Frequency of Calibration:
Other Calibration Information:
5. Data Acquisition Methods:
6. Observations:
Data Notes:
Field Notes:
7. Data Description:
Spatial Characteristics:
Spatial Coverage:
WATERSHED SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHING EASTING
--------- ----------- ---------- ------------ -------- -------
N1B 2422-STV 651 SN1 4329220 709380
N2B 2421-STV 652 SN2 4329140 709260
N4D 2323-STV 653 SN4 4329380 709560
NUB 2423-STV 654 SNU 4329230 709620
1D 3230-STW 655 S1D 4327570 711040
LATITUDE LONGITUDE
-------- ---------
39 05 16 -96 34 45
39 05 17 -96 34 50
39 05 25 -96 34 37
39 05 20 -96 34 35
39 04 25 -96 33 38
Spatial Coverage Map:
Spatial Resolution:
Projection:
Grid Description:
Temporal Characteristics:
Temporal Coverage:
Temporal Coverage Map:
Temporal Resolution:
Data Characteristics:
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
STATION_ID
The station ID designating the min = 651, KANSAS
location of the observations. max = 655 STATE
UNIVERSITY
OBS_DATE
The date of the observations. min = 01-JAN-87, KANSAS
max = 01-JAN-88 STATE
UNIVERSITY
OBS_TIME
The time of the observation, min = 0, [GMT] KANSAS
modified from CST. max = 2400, STATE
missing = 9999 UNIVERSITY
WATER_FLOW
The water flow rate through max = .872, [meters^3] WEIR
the gauge during the storm event. missing = -9.999 [sec^-1]
STREAM_STAGE_HEIGHT
The stage height of the stream, min = -10, [cm] KANSAS
the height of the water flowing max = 44.88 STATE
through the V-flume. UNIVERSITY
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE
The FIFE Certification Code for ** CPI=checked FIS
the data, in the following format: by principal
CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-??? investigator,
(CPI - questionable data). CPI-MRG=merged
LAST_REVISION_DATE
data, in the format (DD-MMM-YY). max = 23-APR-90
Sample Data Record:
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME WATER_FLOW STREAM_STAGE_HEIGHT
----------- ---------- --------- -------- ----------- -------------------
2421-STV 652 02-MAY-87 1200 .007000 6.760
2421-STV 652 02-MAY-87 1500 .007000 6.670
2421-STV 652 02-MAY-87 1800 .007000 6.500
2421-STV 652 02-MAY-87 2100 .007000 6.450
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE LAST_REVISION_DATE
--------------------- ------------------
CPI 11-MAY-89
CPI 11-MAY-89
CPI 11-MAY-89
CPI 11-MAY-89
8. Data Organization:
Data Granularity:
Data Format:
9. Data Manipulations:
Formulae:
Derivation Techniques and Algorithms:
Data Processing Sequence:
Processing Steps:
Processing Changes:
Calculations:
Special Corrections/Adjustments:
Calculated Variables:
Graphs and Plots:
10. Errors:
Sources of Error:
Quality Assessment:
Data Validation by Source:
Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment:
Measurement Error for Parameters:
Flow rates Accuracy
--------------- --------
< 2.0 liters/sec <5%
> 2.0 liters/sec 8-10%
Additional Quality Assessments:
Data Verification by Data Center:
11. Notes:
Limitations of the Data:
Known Problems with the Data:
Usage Guidance:
Any Other Relevant Information about the Study:
12. Application of the Data Set:
13. Future Modifications and Plans:
14. Software:
15. Data Access:
Contact Information:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
FAX: (865) 574-4665 Data Center Identification:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
FAX: (865) 574-4665 Procedures for Obtaining Data:
Data Center Status/Plans:
16. Output Products and Availability:
17. References:
Satellite/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation.
Journal Articles and Study Reports.
Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation.
18. Glossary of Terms:
19. List of Acronyms:
CD-ROM Compact Disk-Read Only Memory DAAC Distributed Active Archive Center EOSDIS Earth Observing System Data and Information System FIFE First ISLSCP Field Experiment FIS FIFE Information System KSU Kansas State University ISLSCP International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory URL Uniform Resource Locator UTM Universal Transverse Mercator 20. Document Information:
Document Review Date:
Document ID:
Citation:
Cite this data set as follows: Document Curator:
Document URL:
http://daac.ornl.gov