The Site Reflectances Extracted from Landsat TM Imagery Data Set contains the average instrument corrected spectral radiances for each of the seven spectral bands. In addition, the associated view and solar angles are available for each of 39 FIFE ground measurement sites. This data set also contains reflectance values and exoatmospheric reflectance values for these seven spectral bands.
The FIFE Staff Science effort covered those activities which were FIFE community level activities, or required uniform data collection procedures across sites and time. These activities included acquiring and processing data from the Thematic Mapper (TM) instruments on the Landsat satellites.
As part of the FIFE staff science data collection effort, the FIFE Information System (FIS) processed the level-1 Landsat TM products to extract products.
Site specific radiance, exoatmospheric reflectance, surface reflectance, and surface temperature.
Landsat TM extract data contains the average instrument corrected spectral radiances (in [Watts][meter^-2][steradian^-1][micrometer^-1]) for each of the seven spectral bands. In addition, the associated view and solar angles are available for each of 39 FIFE ground measurement sites. This data set also contains reflectance values and exoatmospheric reflectance values for these seven spectral bands. These reflectances were derived using the sensor calibrated radiances which were corrected for exoatmospheric effects using atmospheric aerosol optical thickness and gaseous absorption profile measurements, when available. The atmospheric correction algorithm of Fraser et al. (1989) was used to calculate reflectance in the visible and infrared channels. The thermal data were corrected using parameters derived from the Lowtran-7 atmospheric path radiance model (Kneizys et al. 1988). These extracts were produced using TM images collected between February 1987 and October 1989. However, only one image was available for 1989. In 1987 and 1988 extracts are available roughly every 30 days.
SATELLITE_EXTRACT_LTM_DATA.
Staff Science.
Staff Science Satellite Data Acquisition Program.
Contact 1:
Jeffrey A. Newcomer
NASA/Goddard Sp. Fl. Ctr.
Greenbelt, MD.
(301) 286-7858
newcomer@ltp.gsfc.nasa.gov
The Landsat TM extract data were produced by the FIFE Information System staff. The dedicated work of Scott Goetz and Jeff Newcomer is especially appreciated.
Radiance and reflectance from Landsat TM bands are useful in discrimination of vegetation type and vigor, plant and soil moisture measurement, differentiation of clouds and snow, and identification of hydrothermal alteration in certain rock types. Six of the seven bands have a spatial resolution of 30 x 30 m, while the thermal infrared band has a spatial resolution of 120 x 120 m.
The sensor measures radiation in seven bands of the electromagnetic spectrum:
The Thematic Mapper sensor system used to collect the original data from which this data set was produced has been described in detail in the document Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) Averaged Data found on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. See that document for details on the collection of the original TM images.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
The TM site reflectances were extracted from the FIFE level-1 TM data by FIFE staff at Goddard Space Flight Center. Members of the staff selected pixels from the TM Level-1 images that overlaid specific stations within the FIFE study area. The original imagery from the Thematic Mapper instruments on the Landsat satellites were acquired from the Earth Observation Satellite Company (EOSAT), Lanham, Maryland.
Not available.
None.
The FIFE study area, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
The data were extracted at 40 different locations scattered throughout the FIFE study area. The exact locations of the extracted pixels are given below.
SITEGRID NORTHING EASTING LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEV SLOPE ASPECT
-------- ------- ------- --------- ---------- ---- ------ ------
0847-LTM 4332344 714439 39 06 57 -96 31 11 418 1 TOP
1246-LTM 4331625 714200 39 06 34 -96 31 22 410 12 S
1445-LTM 4331160 714090 39 06 19 -96 31 27 400
1478-LTM 4331223 720664 39 06 15 -96 26 53 375 2 N
1563-LTM 4331100 717610 39 06 14 -96 29 01 366 18 W
1916-LTM 4330282 708259 39 05 55 -96 35 30 351 2 N
1935-LTM 4330195 711927 39 05 49 -96 32 58 425 20 N
1942-LTM 4330133 713414 39 05 46 -96 31 56 422 1 TOP
2043-LTM 4329952 713679 39 05 40 -96 31 45 415
2123-LTM 4329866 709506 39 05 41 -96 34 39 405 1 TOP
2133-LTM 4329706 711577 39 05 34 -96 33 13 443 1 TOP
2139-LTM 4329843 712789 39 05 37 -96 32 23 385
2330-LTM 4329314 711066 39 05 22 -96 33 35 424 5 E
2428-LTM 4329265 710635 39 05 20 -96 33 53 415
2516-LTM 4328956 708102 39 05 12 -96 35 38 405
2655-LTM 4328787 716070 39 05 00 -96 30 07 367 4 E
2731-LTM 4328678 711110 39 05 01 -96 33 34 446
2915-LTM 4328167 708028 39 04 47 -96 35 42 415
3021-LTM 4328000 709250 39 04 40 -96 34 52 410 11 NW
3129-LTM 4327822 710820 39 04 33 -96 33 47 431 14 E
3221-LTM 4327682 709112 39 04 30 -96 34 58 410
3317-LTM 4327395 708485 39 04 22 -96 35 24 427 15 W
3409-LTM 4327244 706850 39 04 18 -96 36 32 420 12 E
3414-LTM 4327286 707854 39 04 19 -96 35 51 410
3479-LTM 4327134 720890 39 04 02 -96 26 49 420
3921-LTM 4326116 709185 39 03 39 -96 34 57 415
4139-LTM 4325850 712780 39 03 28 -96 32 27 385 3 W
4268-LTM 4325630 718500 39 03 16 -96 28 30 420 1 TOP
4439-LTM 4325193 712773 39 03 06 -96 32 28 443 2 N
4509-LTM 4324960 706850 39 03 04 -96 36 35 390 3 SE
4609-LTM 4324890 706705 39 03 02 -96 36 41 390
5926-LTM 4322227 710270 39 01 32 -96 34 16 370
6221-LTM 4321583 709247 39 01 12 -96 34 59 410
6340-LTM 4321500 713000 39 01 07 -96 32 23 410 4 SW
6469-LTM 4321189 718752 39 00 51 -96 28 25 440 3 NE
6735-LTM 4320652 712073 39 00 40 -96 33 03 385 1 BOTTOM
6833-LTM 4320346 711660 39 00 30 -96 33 20 410
6912-LTM 4320111 707336 39 00 26 -96 36 20 397 2 N
6943-LTM 4320147 713500 39 00 22 -96 32 04 415
8739-LTM 4316699 712845 38 58 31 -96 32 35 442 1 TOP
Not available.
The IFOV is 30 m for bands 1 through 5 and band 7, but 120 m for band 6.
Not available.
Not available.
The TM images from which the pixels were extracted spanned the growing seasons of 1987 and 1988 (April - October), and August of 1989.
Not available.
The average interval between images used to produce the extract data was roughly 30 days in 1987 and 1988, but only one image was available from 1989.
The SQL definition for this table is found in the SAT_LTM.TDF file located on the CD-ROM Volume 1.
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
SITEGRID_ID This is a FIS grid location code. Site grid codes (SSEE-III) give the south (SS) and the east (EE) cell number in a 100 x 100 array of 200 m square cells. The last 3 characters (III) are an instrument identifier.
STATION_ID The station ID designating the location of the observations.
OBS_DATE The date (expressed as DD-MMM-YY), on which the image data was recorded.
OBS_TIME The time (GMT) when the data at the center of the level-1 image were collected.
IMAGE_ID The FIS image identification code for the level-1 satellite image from which the site statistics were derived.
PLATFORM The satellite platform on which the data collecting instrument is mounted.
INSTR_ID The instrument which collected the image data.
NUM_OBS The number of observations (pixels) found within the site coordinate boundaries and used in the statistics calculations.
MIN_LAT The minimum latitude of all the pixels extracted from the level-1 image and used to derive the site statistics (expressed as DD MM SS.SS).
MAX_LAT The maximum latitude of all the pixels extracted from the level-1 image and used to derive the site statistics (expressed as DD MM SS.SS).
MIN_LON The minimum longitude of all the pixels extracted from the level-1 image and used to derive the site statistics (expressed as DDD MM SS.SS).
MAX_LON The maximum longitude of all the pixels extracted from the level-1 image and used to derive the site statistics (expressed as DDD MM SS.SS).
VIEW_ZEN_ANG The view zenith at the center of [degrees] the site.
VIEW_AZIM_ANG The view azimuth at the center of [degrees the site (North = 0, East = from North] 90, South = 180, West = 270).
SOLAR_ZEN_ANG The solar zenith at the center of [degrees] the site.
SOLAR_AZIM_ANG The solar azimuth at the center [degrees of the site (North = 0, East from North] = 90, South = 180, West = 270).
BAND1_AVG_RADNC The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 1 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND1_SDEV_RADNC The standard deviation of the * [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 1 of the designated sensor.
BAND2_AVG_RADNC The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 2 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND2_SDEV_RADNC The standard deviation of the * [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 2 of the designated sensor.
BAND3_AVG_RADNC The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 3 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND3_SDEV_RADNC The standard deviation of the * [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 3 of the designated sensor.
BAND4_AVG_RADNC The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 4 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND4_SDEV_RADNC The standard deviation of the * [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 4 of the designated sensor.
BAND5_AVG_RADNC The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 5 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND5_SDEV_RADNC The standard deviation of the * [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 5 of the designated sensor.
BAND6_AVG_RADNC The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 6 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND6_SDEV_RADNC The standard deviation of the * [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 6 of the designated sensor.
BAND7_AVG_RADNC The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 7 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND7_SDEV_RADNC The standard deviation of the * [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 7 of the designated sensor.
BAND1_AVG_REFL The average reflectance over the [percent] site for band 1 of the designated sensor.
BAND2_AVG_REFL The average reflectance over the [percent] site for band 2 of the designated sensor.
BAND3_AVG_REFL The average reflectance over the [percent] site for band 3 of the designated sensor.
BAND3_SDEV_REFL The standard deviation of the [percent] reflectance values over the site for band 3 of the designated sensor.
BAND4_AVG_REFL The average reflectance over the [percent] site for band 4 of the designated sensor.
BAND5_AVG_REFL The average reflectance over the [percent] site for band 5 of the designated sensor.
BAND7_AVG_REFL The average reflectance over the [percent] site for band 7 of the designated sensor.
BAND1_EXOATMOSIC_REFL The at-satellite reflectance for [percent] band 1 of the sensor, calculated as observed reflected radiance divided by the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
BAND2_EXOATMOSIC_REFL The at-satellite reflectance for [percent] band 2 of the sensor, calculated as observed reflected radiance divided by the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
BAND3_EXOATMOSIC_REFL The at-satellite reflectance for [percent] band 3 of the sensor, calculated as observed reflected radiance divided by the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
BAND4_EXOATMOSIC_REFL The at-satellite reflectance for [percent] band 4 of the sensor, calculated as observed reflected radiance divided by the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
BAND5_EXOATMOSIC_REFL The at-satellite reflectance for [percent] band 5 of the sensor, calculated as observed reflected radiance divided by the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
BAND7_EXOATMOSIC_REFL The at-satellite reflectance for [percent] band 7 of the sensor, calculated as observed reflected radiance divided by the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE The FIFE Certification Code for ** the data, in the following format: CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-??? (CPI - questionable data).
LAST_REVISION_DATE data, in the format (DD-mmm-YY).
Footnotes:
Missing values are indicated by a -99.
** Valid levels
The primary certification codes are: EXM Example or Test data (not for release) PRE Preliminary (unchecked, use at your own risk) CPI Checked by Principal Investigator (reviewed for quality) CGR Checked by a group and reconciled (data comparisons and cross checks)
The certification code modifiers are: PRE-NFP Preliminary - Not for publication, at the request of investigator. CPI-MRG PAMS data which is "merged" from two separate receiving stations to eliminate transmission errors. CPI-??? Investigator thinks data item may be questionable.
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME IMAGE_ID PLATFORM
----------- ---------- --------- -------- ---------------- ----------
0847-LTM 52 06-JUN-88 1634 4215216345-1 LANDSAT-4
1246-LTM 40 06-JUN-88 1634 4215216345-1 LANDSAT-4
1445-LTM 42 06-JUN-88 1634 4215216345-1 LANDSAT-4
1563-LTM 27 06-JUN-88 1634 4215216345-1 LANDSAT-4
INSTR_ID NUM_OBS MIN_LAT MAX_LAT MIN_LON
--------- ------- ------------ ----------- --------------
TM 1 39 06 56.52 39 06 56.52 -96 31 11.78
TM 2 39 06 32.36 39 06 33.27 -96 31 20.09
TM 2 39 06 17.30 39 06 18.20 -96 31 26.19
TM 1 39 06 11.80 39 06 11.80 -96 28 57.88
MAX_LON VIEW_ZEN_ANG VIEW_AZIM_ANG SOLAR_ZEN_ANG SOLAR_AZIM_ANG
-------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- --------------
-96 31 11.78 4.4 281.0 28.5 117.0
-96 31 19.88 4.4 281.0 28.5 117.0
-96 31 26.00 4.4 281.0 28.5 117.0
-96 28 57.88 4.7 281.0 28.5 117.0
BAND1_AVG_RADNC BAND1_SDEV_RADNC BAND2_AVG_RADNC BAND2_SDEV_RADNC
--------------- ---------------- --------------- ----------------
52.719 .0000 41.843 .0000
59.647 2.1298 46.542 1.6614
50.611 .4256 40.080 .8306
56.936 .0000 44.192 .0000
BAND3_AVG_RADNC BAND3_SDEV_RADNC BAND4_AVG_RADNC BAND4_SDEV_RADNC
--------------- ---------------- --------------- ----------------
29.428 .0000 84.022 .0000
37.489 1.1399 79.135 1.1516
25.801 .5699 85.651 1.1512
31.846 .0000 74.248 .0000
BAND5_AVG_RADNC BAND5_SDEV_RADNC BAND6_AVG_RADNC BAND6_SDEV_RADNC
--------------- ---------------- --------------- ----------------
11.302 .0000 10.291 .0000
12.329 .5349 10.433 .1205
9.357 .1528 10.234 .0803
10.329 .0000 9.779 .0000
BAND7_AVG_RADNC BAND7_SDEV_RADNC BAND1_AVG_REFL BAND2_AVG_REFL
---------------- ----------------- --------------- --------------
2.245 .0000 4.0 5.8
3.014 .4431 5.6 7.0
1.875 .1209 3.5 5.4
2.302 .0000 5.0 6.4
BAND3_AVG_REFL BAND4_AVG_REFL BAND5_AVG_REFL BAND7_AVG_REFL
-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
5.4 33.3 25.5 14.0
7.6 31.3 27.9 18.9
4.4 34.0 21.1 11.6
6.1 29.4 23.3 14.3
BAND1_EXOATMOSIC_REFL BAND2_EXOATMOSIC_REFL BAND3_EXOATMOSIC_REFL
--------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
9.9 8.4 7.0
11.2 9.4 8.9
9.5 8.1 6.1
10.7 8.9 7.5
BAND4_EXOATMOSIC_REFL BAND5_EXOATMOSIC_REFL BAND7_EXOATMOSIC_REFL
--------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
29.5 19.0 11.1
27.8 20.7 14.9
30.1 15.7 9.3
26.1 17.3 11.4
FIFE_DATA_CERTFN_CODE LAST_REVISION_DATE
--------------------- ------------------
CPI 16-JAN-91
CPI 16-JAN-91
CPI 16-JAN-91
CPI 16-JAN-91
The IFOV is 30 m for bands 1 through 5 and band 7, but 120 m for band 6.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begins with five header records. Header records contain the following information:
Record 1 Name of this file, its table name, number of records in this file, path and name of the document that describes the data in this file, and name of principal investigator for these data. Record 2 Path and filename of the previous data set, and path and filename of the next data set. (Path and filenames for files that contain another set of data taken at the same site on the same day.) Record 3 Path and filename of the previous site, and path and filename of the next site. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken on the same day for the previous and next sites (sequentially numbered by SITEGRID_ID)). Record 4 Path and filename of the previous date, and path and filename of the next date. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken at the same site for the previous and next date.) Record 5 Column names for the data within the file, delimited by commas. Record 6 Data records begin.
Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in the Data Characteristics Sectionand described in detail in the TDF file. These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
The procedure used to calculate TM atmospherically corrected reflectance was developed at GSFC as part of the FIFE staff science effort. The images were calculated from FIFE level-1 data and the reflectance and atmospheric correction calculations were performed using data and information available in the FIFE data collection.
Sensor calibrated radiances for the FIFE Landsat-TM images were converted to surface reflectance and temperature using the following procedures and information available in the FIFE satellite extracts coefficients data set. The thermal data were corrected using parameters derived from the Lowtran7 atmospheric path radiance model (Kneizys et al., 1988)
where:
where (an apostrophe indicates a subscript):
Landsat4 Landsat5
------ ------
TM1 1958.0 1957.0 [Watt][m^-2][um^-1]
TM2 1828.0 1829.0
TM3 1559.0 1557.0
TM4 1045.0 1047.0
TM5 219.1 219.3
TM7 74.6 74.5
where:
where:
where:
The final site radiances, reflectances, surface temperatures, and exoatmospheric reflectances are averaged over the site and the mean and standard deviation for each channel is reported.
FIFE staff creates the average instrument corrected spectral radiance data by :
FIFE staff creates the reflectance data by :
Landsat-TM Water Other ---------- ------- ------- Band1 0.00000 0.00671 Band2 0.00020 0.03194 Band3 0.00673 0.01829 Band4 0.05011 0.00339 Band5 0.12750 0.00849 Band7 0.09722 0.00792
FIFE staff creates the surface temperature data by:
None.
None.
None.
Errors could arise in the acquired imagery due to location accuracy, distortion of lengths, anisomorphism, the instrument's local coherence, the ability to register multispectral data, and relief plotting accuracy. Other errors could arise from inherent radiometric imperfections of the sensors. Spectral errors arise due to image wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk, spikes, response normalization due to change in gain.
Whatever the processing level, the geometric quality of the image depends on, a) the accuracy of the viewing geometry, and b) the ground control points as required to adjust the viewing model. Errors arise from the processing of the data to level-1A due to calibration inaccuracies (gains and offsets/drift of sensor characteristics/optical degradation), and resampling/positioning in geometric corrections.
The FIFE staff was responsible for screening imagery for quality, applying radiometric corrections, computing geometric corrections corresponding to the required map projection, applying geometric corrections, and screening for cloud cover on imagery during processing.
The precision of satellite remote sensing estimates of surface reflectance (Hall et al., 1992), calibrated and corrected for atmospheric effects, was no worse than about 1 percent absolute. The errors may actually be smaller, but an upper bound of 1 percent results from sampling variance caused by differences among the satellite and ground sensors in spatial resolution, atmospheric effects, and calibration.
There are also known, but as yet uncorrected, effects associated with temperature-dependence of the TM internal calibrator that may be contributing to apparent discontinuous changes at launch and to the continuous changes of gain while in orbit. Additional uncertainties for exoatmospheric reflectances are probably less than 2% in the visible/near-infrared and less than 5% in the short-wave infrared portion of the spectrum as judged by the current differences in estimates of the solar irradiance.
The magnitude of other errors as described in the Sources of Error Section is unknown.
FIS staff applied a general Quality Assessment (QA) procedure to the data to identify inconsistencies and problems for potential users. As a general procedure, the FIS QA consisted of examining the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for each numerical field in the data table. An attempt was made to find an explanation for unexpected high or low values, values outside of the normal physical range for a variable, or standard deviations that appeared inconsistent with the mean. In some cases, histograms were examined to determine whether outliers were consistent with the shape of the data distribution.
The discrepancies which were identified are reported as problems in the Known Problems with the Data Section.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below.
The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its online data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps:
Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process.
Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows:
As errors are discovered in the online tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
Landsat TM data are used for analysis and inventory of surface resources of the Earth, namely, vegetation, soils, geology, flood and fire hazards, etc. Other applications include geographical and ecological research.
None.
Radiance and reflectance from Landsat TM bands are useful in discrimination of vegetation type and vigor, plant and soil moisture measurement, differentiation of clouds and snow, and identification of hydrothermal alteration in certain rock types. Other applications include geographical and ecological research.
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
Site Reflectances Extracted from Landsat TM Imagery are available on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The CD-ROM file name is as follows:
\DATA\SAT_OBS\SAT_LTM\Yyyyy\ydddFIFE.LTM
Where yyyy are the four digits of the century and year (e.g. 1987). Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that change for each path and file.
The format used for the filenames is: ydddFIFE.sfx, where y is the last digit of the year (e.g. 7 = 1987, and 9 = 1989), and ddd is the day of the year (e.g. 061 = sixty-first day in the year). The filename extension (.sfx), identifies the data set content for the file (see the Data Characteristics Section) and is equal to .LTM for this data set.
Kneizys, F.X., E.P. Shettle, W.O. Gallery, J.H. Chetwynd, L.W. Abreu, J.E.A. Selby, S.A. Clough, and R.W. Fenn. 1988. Atmospheric transmittance/radiance: computer code LOWTRAN-7. AFGL-TR-88-0177. Air Force Geophysics Lab. Hanscomb AFB, Massachusetts.
Newcomer, J.A., S.J. Goetz, D.E. Strebel, and F.G. Hall. 1989. Image processing software for providing radiometric inputs to land surface climatology models. IGARSS '89, 12th Can. Symp. on Remote Sensing. p. 1779-1782.
Benson, A.S., and S.D. DeGloria, 1985. Interpretation of Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper and Multispectral Scanner Data for Forest Surveys. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 51:1281-1289.
Chavez, P.C., S.C. Guptill, and J.A. Bowell. 1984. Image processing techniques for Thematic Mapper data. Technical Papers. 50th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Soc. of Photogr. 2:728-743.
Engel, J.L., and O. Weinstein. 1983. The Thematic Mapper: An Overview. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GE-21:258-265.
Fraser, R. S., R. A. Ferrare, Y. J. Kaufman, and S. Mattoo. 1989. Algorithm for atmospheric corrections of aircraft and satellite imagery. NASA Technical Memorandum 100751, 106p.
Hall, F.G., D.E. Strebel, J.E. Nickeson, and S.J. Goetz. 1991. Radiometric Rectification: Toward a Common Radiometric Response Among Multidate, Multisensor Images. Remote Sens. Environ. 35:11-27.
Hall, F.G., K.F. Huemmrich, S.J. Goetz, P.J. Sellers, and J.E. Nickeson. 1992. Satellite remote sensing of surface energy balance: success, failures, and unresolved issues in FIFE. J. Geophys. Res. 97:19061-19089.
Kanemasu, E.T., J.L. Heilman, J.O. Bagley, and W.L. Powers. 1977. Using Landsat data to estimate evapotranspiration of winter wheat. Environ-mental Management. 1:515-520.
Malila, W.A., 1985. Comparison of the Information Contents of LANDSAT TM and MSS Data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 51:1449-1457.
Markham, B.L., and J.L. Baker. 1986. Landsat MSS and TM post-calibration dynamic ranges, exoatmospheric reflectances and at-satellite temperatures. EOSAT Landsat Tech. Notes 1:3-7. Lanham, Maryland.
Pollock, R.B., and E.T. Kanemasu. 1979. Estimating leaf-area index of wheat with Landsat data. Remote Sens. Environ. 8:307-312.
Robinov, C.J. 1982. Computation with physical values from Landsat digital data. Photogr. Engr. & Rem. Sens. 48:781-784.
Thompson, D.R., and O.A. Wehmanen. 1980. Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress in corn-soybean growing region. Photogr. Engr. & Rem. Sens. 46:1082-1089.
Williams, D.L., J.R. Irons, B.L. Markham, R.F. Nelson, D.L. Toll, R.S. Latty, and M.L. Stauffer. 1984. A statistical evaluation of the advantages of Landsat Thematic Mapper data in comparison to Multi- spectral Scanner data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GE-22.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or online access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at Glossary.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
April 27, 1994 (citation revised on October 14, 2002).
This document has been reviewed by the FIFE Information Scientist to eliminate technical and editorial inaccuracies. Previous versions of this document have been reviewed by the Principal Investigator, the person who transmitted the data to FIS, a FIS staff member, or a FIFE scientist generally familiar with the data. It is believed that the document accurately describes the data as collected and as archived on the FIFE CD-ROM series.
September 3, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_SAT_LTM.
Newcomer, J. A. 1994. Satellite Landsat TM Extr[acted]. Data (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/78. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.), Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).