The prairie is inherently variable and large numbers of samples are needed to obtain reliable estimates of the prairie agronomic characteristics. For the Indirect Leaf Area Index Obtained from the KSU Light Wand Study a limited number of destructive samples were supplemented by large numbers of rapid non-destructive estimates. For the non-destructive measurements the LI-COR Inc. LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer (light-wand) was used. This instrument measures transmittance of the canopy in the blue region of the spectrum, at five different zenith angles. These measurements were inverted to provide estimates of leaf area index, and mean inclination angle of the leaves to the zenith.
Verification studies conducted by LI-COR Inc. indicated that the LAI-2000 Canopy Analyzer measurements were generally within 15% of values obtained by destructive sampling and measurement with a leaf area meter. As a rough guess even the destructive measurements are accurate only to within about 25% of the true sample leaf area value. In the opinion of the study team, the non-destructive measurements with the LAI-2000 are as good as the destructive measurements, and provide a better estimate of the site mean, because many more non-destructive measurement can be made.
LAI (Indirect): Light Wand - KSU (FIFE).
( Indirect Leaf Area Index Obtained from the KSU Light Wand).
The Indirect Leaf Area Index Obtained from the KSU Light Wand Data Set contains leaf area index, mean angle of leaf inclination, and diffuse transmittance data.
Provide large numbers of rapid non-destructive estimates of leaf area index (LAI), in support of the more labor-intensive destructive sampling methods of acquiring measurements of LAI.
Leaf area index, mean angle of leaf inclination, and diffuse transmittance.
The prairie is inherently variable and large numbers of samples are needed to obtain reliable estimates of the prairie agronomic characteristics. Since destructive sampling is very time consuming and expensive, it was decided that a limited number of destructive samples should be supplemented by large numbers of rapid non-destructive estimates. For the non-destructive measurements the LI-COR Inc. LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer (light-wand) was used. This instrument measures transmittance of the canopy in the blue region of the spectrum, at five different zenith angles. These measurements are inverted to provide estimates of leaf area index, and mean inclination angle of the leaves to the zenith.
Verification studies conducted by LI-COR Inc. have shown that the LAI-2000 Canopy Analyzer performs well. LAI-2000 measurements were generally within 15% of values obtained by destructive sampling and measurement with a leaf area meter. In our own experience we found that even the destructive measurements are subject to large error. Prairie grass leaves tend to curl and fold as they are fed into the belts of a standard leaf area meter. The values obtained depended on how much care the operator takes when feeding in the leaves into the leaf area meter. As a rough guess even the destructive measurements are accurate only to within about 25% of the true sample leaf area value. In our opinion the non-destructive measurements with the LAI-2000 are as good as the destructive measurements, and provide a better estimate of the site mean, because many more non-destructive measurement can be made.
LIGHT_WAND_DATA.
Dr. Tanvir Shah
Alabama A & M University
Dr. E.T. Kanemasu (Head)
University of Georgia
Non-Destructive Vegetation Canopy Analysis at the FIFE Site.
Contact 1:
Dr. Tanvir Shah
Alabama A & M University
Normal, AL
(205) 851-5462
aamths01@asnaam.asn.net
Contact 2:
Dr. E.T. Kanemasu
University of Georgia
Griffin, GA
(404) 228-7272
ekanamasu@griffin.uga.edu
The Indirect Leaf Area Index Obtained from the KSU Light Wand data were collected by staff of Kansas State University under the direction of T. Shaw and E.T. Kanemasu. The contribution of these data is appreciated.
For a thorough explanation of the theory of the interception method for estimating leaf area index and other canopy characteristics, please refer to the manufacturers technical notes, and other references given in the References Section.
Very briefly, the LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer measures the interception fraction (at wavelength shorter than 490 nm) at five zenith angles. For calculating leaf area index and mean leaf inclination angle, the following assumptions are made:
As a beam of light passes through a canopy, the probability that it will hit a foliage element is a function of foliage density (leaf area per unit canopy volume, mu, and fraction of leaf area which is projected perpendicularly to the beam, G(theta, phi). Where theta and phi are given zenith and azimuth directions. Thus for a canopy with a random leaf angle distribution G(theta, phi) = 0.5. From Beer's law transmittance, T(theta, phi) is given by:
where:
Assuming uniform sky illumination and a random distributions of leaf azimuth angles, we can drop the suffix, phi, and re-write the above equation as:
Miller (1967) refers to K(theta) as the contact frequency, number of hits made with foliage per unit length traveled through the canopy.
Miller gives an exact solution for mu as:
Since for a given canopy height of z, leaf area index, L = muz, and the pathlength is given by:
Substituting into Miller's solution for mu gives:
where:
Thus,
The mean inclination angle of the canopy leaves (MTA in data table) can be calculated using a relationship between d.G(theta) / d.theta and the mean leaf inclination angle using a polynomial relationship derived from idealized canopies (see Lang 1986).
The LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer (LI-COR Inc.), or 'light-wand' was used for non-destructive estimation of LAI during FIFE 1989. Refer to manufacturer's manual for a complete description (Anonymous 1989).
Ground-based.
Ground-based measurements.
The primary objectives were to provide estimates of leaf area index at the FIFE sites. Leaf area values are important in land surface-atmosphere exchange processes and for interpreting satellite measurements.
Leaf area index, mean inclination angle of the leaves, diffuse canopy transmittance.
The LAI-2000 estimates LAI and mean leaf angle (MTA) from measurements of canopy transmittance at 5 different zenith angles (7, 23, 38, 53, and 68 degrees). The sensor head has an approximate cross-sectional area of 2.5 x 2.5 (cm2), and is placed above and below the canopy to take transmittance readings. The detectors inside the optical head are filtered to receive radiation less than 490 nm. This is the blue end of the spectrum where foliage has very low transmittance. The basic data collected by the LAI-2000 consists of 10 numbers; 5 of the numbers are the signals from the 5 detector-rings of the instrument when the optical head was above the vegetation canopy; while the remaining 5 numbers are the detector outputs with the head below the canopy. For both readings the sensor looks up at the sky. From these 10 numbers it is possible to calculate five values of transmittance at the 5 zenith angles. These values are then used to calculate LAI and mean leaf angle (MTA). Several sets of pairs of above and below canopy readings are taken to obtain a spatial average. Various assumptions are made when calculating LAI and MTA and the reader should refer to the LAI-2000 operating manual for further information.
A wide-angle lens looks up at the sky sequentially from above the canopy and from the base of the canopy. The detectors limit the view to five zenith angles, the largest angle being about 68 degree form the vertical. The instrument head is about 2.5 cm in cross-section, so that any plant material shorter than 2.5 cm is not detected. On sites grazed by animals, there may be substantial amounts of short grass which is not detected.
LI-COR Inc.
P.O. Box 4425
4421 Superior Street
Lincoln, Nebraska
68504, U.S.A.
Phone: (402) 467-3576
FAX: (402)467-2819
The LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer does not require calibration when used with only one head (as in this case).
See the Principles of Operation Section.
Integration time can be increased under low light. Scattered radiation within the canopy being measured, and non-uniform sky brightness, cause error in estimation of leaf area index.
Not available at this revision.
Not applicable in this study.
Usually three pairs of above and below canopy readings were taken at each plot. The instruments azimuthal field-of-view was restricted to 180 degrees. The sun and the operator were on the side not being viewed by the sensor. An umbrella was also used during sunshine to shade an area of about 80 cm diameter around the sensor. The purpose of shading the sensor and foliage around the sensor was to reduce the amount of reflected radiation reaching the sensor which causes an under-estimation of LAI. The instruments assumes azimuthal symmetry and integrates over its entire azimuthal field-of-view. A uniformly bright sky hemisphere therefore is desirable. However because of time constraints measurements were taken regardless of sky conditions.
Not available.
INFORMATION ON LIGHT WAND DATA
SITE 1989 WHERE APPROX. # OF REMARKS
DATE SAMPLED PLOTS AND REPS
---- ---- ------- -------------- -----------------------
906 7/03 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
910 7/04 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
911 7/05 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurement
944 7/06 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurement
921 7/07 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurement
906 7/10 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
919 7/11 in WAB 12 plots data set not complete
3 readings/plot
921 7/11 in WAB 98 plots
3 readings/plot
902 7/12 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
911 7/12 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
910 7/13 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
912 7/13 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
936 7/13 in WAB 44 plots
3 readings/plot
913 7/14 in WAB 22 plots
3 readings/plot
944 7/14 in WAB 25 plots
3 readings/plot
925 7/14 in WAB 34 plots
3 readings/plot
938 7/14 in WAB 15 plots
3 readings/plot
944 7/18 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
944 7/18 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
911 7/19 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
911 7/19 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
906 7/20 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
906 7/20 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
921 7/21 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
921 7/21 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
908 7/24 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
910 7/24 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
902 7/24 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
938 7/25 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
936 7/25 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
944 7/25 in WAB 36 plots incomplete data set
3 readings/plot
921 7/26 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
912 7/26 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
913 7/27 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
925 7/27 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
906 7/27 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
919 7/28 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
911 7/28 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
911 7/28 in 15 plots,
Parabola 3 readings/plot
944 7/31 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
944 7/31 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
910 8/01 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
910 8/01 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
921 8/02 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
921 8/02 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
906 8/04 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
906 8/04 in 15 plots
Parabola 3 readings/plot
906 8/04 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
911 8/04 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
911 8/05 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
910 8/07 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
906 8/07 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
902 8/07 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
921 8/08 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
911 8/08 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
944 8/08 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 3 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
908 8/08 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
938 8/09 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
936 8/09 in WAB 40 plots incomplete data set
3 readings/plot
912 8/10 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
925 8/10 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
913 8/11 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
919 8/11 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
906 8/14 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
906 8/14 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
906 8/14 in 30 plots plot numbers 13-20
Parabola 3 readings/plot were also
destructively sampled
- see destructive
data set
921 8/15 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
921 8/15 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
921 8/15 in 30 plots plot numbers 1 - 9
Parabola 3 readings/plot were also
destructively sampled
- see destructive
data set
911 8/16 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
911 8/16 in WAB 100 plots
3 readings/plot
911 8/16 in 30 plots plot numbers 13-20
Parabola 3 readings/plot were also
destructively sampled
- see destructive
data set
910 8/17 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
910 8/17 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
944 8/18 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 3 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
944 8/18 in WAB 50 plots
3 readings/plot
The FIFE study area, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
This is point data collected at specific sitegrid's within the FIFE study area. Measurements were taken at all 13 surface flux stations during FIFE 1989. The location of the stations are listed below.
SITEGRID STN_ID NORTHING EASTING LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEV
-------- ------ -------- ------- -------- --------- ----
1478-LWK 938 4331223 720664 39 06 15 -96 26 53 375
1916-LWK 902 4330282 708259 39 05 55 -96 35 30 351
1942-LWK 944 4330133 713414 39 05 46 -96 31 56 422
2133-LWK 906 4329726 711604 39 05 34 -96 33 12 443
2330-LWK 908 4329314 711066 39 05 22 -96 33 35 424
2655-LWK 936 4328787 716070 39 05 00 -96 30 07 367
3129-LWK 912 4327822 710820 39 04 33 -96 33 47 431
3317-LWK 910 4327395 708485 39 04 22 -96 35 24 427
4168-LWK 925 4325704 718646 39 03 18 -96 28 24 438
4439-LWK 911 4325219 712795 39 03 07 -96 32 27 445
6735-LWK 913 4320652 712073 39 00 40 -96 33 03 385
6912-LWK 919 4320178 707307 39 00 29 -96 36 21 385
8639-LWK 921 4316771 712827 38 58 33 -96 32 36 440
SITEGRID SLOPE ASPECT
-------- ----- ------
1478-LWK 2 N
1916-LWK 2 N
1942-LWK 1 TOP
2133-LWK 1 TOP
2330-LWK 5 E
2655-LWK 4 E
3129-LWK 14 E
3317-LWK 15 W
4168-LWK 1 TOP
4439-LWK 2 N
6735-LWK 1 BOTTOM
6912-LWK 2 N
8639-LWK 1 TOP
The number of plots measured at each site (by date) and their position in relation to the Wind Aligned Blobs (WAB) are listed in the Field Notes Section.
The permanent (140-240 degree) WABs at the super-sites (sites 906, 911, and 921) were marked with 100 flags with the density of flags varying with distance from the flux station as follows:
Radial Distance (m): 10 20 30 40 50 60
70 80 90 100
Sample Frequency: 2 7 10 12 13 13
13 12 10 8
These flag positions are referred to as plots within the sites. The positions of these plots within the permanent WABs were fixed throughout the duration of FIFE 89. These plots were numbered sequentially. Plot 1 was the first plot just in from the 240 degree compass bearing on the 10 m arc from the apex of the WAB, and plot 100 was 100 m away from the apex on the 240 degree compass bearing. Plots at the non-supersites (all other flux sites) were marked out at half the density of plots at the super- sites (i.e., 50 plots in the 140-240 degree WAB). PAR readings in the WAB were taken at odd numbered plots while light-wand readings were taken at every plot in the WAB. A given plot number in any data set corresponds to the same location at the site. In the case of in-WAB measurements these locations were fixed throughout the duration of FIFE 89. In addition to readings in the WABs PAR and light-wand readings were also taken behind the WABs at positions where destructive samples (for LAI and biomass) were due to be taken. The non-destructive measurements were always taken just before (less than ½ hour prior to) destructive sampling. The destructive plots were usually positioned 5-10 m apart along a linear east-west transect about 20 m or so behind the WAB apex, i.e., within the 270-90 degree compass bearings from the flux measuring apparatus. The plots were labeled sequentially. Also a limited number of PAR and LAI-2000 readings were taken in the PARABOLA areas at the super-sites. These measurements have SAMPLE_TYPE of 'PBA'. On August 14, 15, and 16 the transects for the destructive samples were made to pass through the PARABOLA areas. For these plots, a full set of destructive and non-destructive measurements is available. On August 14 at site 906 destructive plots 13-20 were in the PARABOLA area. On August 15 at site 921 destructive plots 1-9 were in the PARABOLA area. On August 16 at site 911 destructive plots 13-20 were in the PARABOLA area.
Not available.
Depends on the height (h) of the canopy (usually < 0.5m).
Spatial resolution = 2h (TAN 68).
Not available.
Not available.
Data were collected from July 3, 1989 through August 18, 1989, during IFC-5.
Not available.
Measurements were made every day during the overall data collection period but measurements at an individual location were made about once a week (see the Field Notes Section for exact dates).
The SQL definition for this table is found in the LIGHTWND.TDF file located on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1.
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
SITEGRID_ID This is a FIS grid location code. Site grid codes (SSEE-III) give the south (SS) and east (EE) cell number in a 100 x 100 array of 200 m square cells. The last 3 characters (III) are an instrument identifier.
STATION_ID The station ID designating the location of the observations.
OBS_DATE The date of the observations, in the format (DD-MMM-YY).
OBS_TIME The time that the observation was [GMT] taken in GMT. The format is (HHMM).
PI_NAME $ The name of the Principal Investigator who oversaw the collection of the data.
PLOT_NUM The plot number at the site where the observations were made.
SAMPLE_TYPE # The information about the treatment of the plot where the data were collected, such as if the plot was watered or destructively sampled.
LAI_2000_LAI The leaf area index as calculated by the LAI-2000.
LAI_ST_ERR The standard error of the leaf area index measurement.
MEAN_LEAF_INCL_ANG The mean inclination angle of the [degrees] leaves in the canopy as determined by the LAI-2000.
LEAF_INCL_ANG_ST_ERR The standard error of the mean inclination angle.
DIFFUSE_TRNSMTNC The diffuse transmittance of the canopy. This is the probability of diffuse radiation from above penetrating the canopy to a particular location.
NUM_OBS The number of pairs of above and below canopy observations used in the calculations.
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE * The FIFE Certification Code for the data, in the following format: CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-??? (CPI - questionable data).
LAST_REVISION_DATE data, in the format (DD-MMM-YY).
Footnotes:
$ For this data set the PI_NAME = T. SHAH
# Decode the SAMPLE_TYPE field as given below: DS Destructively sampled DSWW Destructively sampled and well watered PBA PARABOLA sites
* Decode the FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE field as follows
The primary certification codes are: EXM Example or Test data (not for release). PRE Preliminary (unchecked, use at your own risk). CPI Checked by Principal Investigator (reviewed for quality). CGR Checked by a group and reconciled (data comparisons and cross-checks).
The certification code modifiers are: PRE-NFP Preliminary - Not for publication, at the request of investigator. CPI-MRG PAMS data that are "merged" from two separate receiving stations to eliminate transmission errors. CPI-??? Investigator thinks data item may be questionable.
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME PI_NAME PLOT_NUM SAMPLE_TYPE
----------- ---------- --------- -------- ---------- -------- -----------
6912-LWK 919 28-JUL-89 1433 T. SHAH 35
6912-LWK 919 28-JUL-89 1434 T. SHAH 36
6912-LWK 919 28-JUL-89 1434 T. SHAH 37
6912-LWK 919 28-JUL-89 1435 T. SHAH 38
LAI_2000_LAI LAI_ST_ERR MEAN_LEAF_INCL_ANG LEAF_INCL_ANG_ST_ERR
------------ ---------- ------------------ --------------------
.570 .030 90 272
.550 .040 64 2
1.540 .060 73 8
1.590 .170 60 4
DIFFUSE_TRNSMTNC NUM_OBS FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE LAST_REVISION_DATE
---------------- ------- --------------------- ------------------
.662 3 PRE 31-AUG-89
.660 3 PRE 31-AUG-89
.336 3 PRE 31-AUG-89
.296 3 PRE 31-AUG-89
This is point data collected at specific sitegrid's within the FIFE study area.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begins with five header records. Header records contain the following information: Record 1 Name of this file, its table name, number of records in this file, path and name of the document that describes the data in this file, and name of principal investigator for these data. Record 2 Path and filename of the previous data set, and path and filename of the next data set. (Path and filenames for files that contain another set of data taken at the same site on the same day.) Record 3 Path and filename of the previous site, and path and filename of the next site. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken on the same day for the previous and next sites (sequentially numbered by SITEGRID_ID)). Record 4 Path and filename of the previous date, and path and filename of the next date. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken at the same site for the previous and next date.) Record 5 Column names for the data within the file, delimited by commas. Record 6 Data records begin.
Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in the Data Characteristics Section and described in detail in the TDF file. These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
See the Theory of Measurements Section.
See the Theory of Measurements Section.
All basic calculations were performed by the software of the LAI-2000. For complete details of the LAI-2000 implementation refer to the LAI-2000 operating manual.
T(theta) values are calculated for each pair of above-below readings. These values are divided by the corresponding values for S(theta), i.e., 1/cos(theta) to yield the contact numbers Kh(theta). Integration of the equation of Miller (1967) is achieved by summing the products of Kh(theta) and the weighting factors, sin(theta)d.(theta).
After calculating leaf area index, five values of G(theta) can be calculated. These values are regressed against values of theta to obtain a mean value for d.G(theta) / d.Theta. This value is used in conjunction with a fifth order polynomial which describes the average values of d.G(theta) / d.theta versus leaf inclination angles of a set of idealized canopies, to calculate the mean leaf inclination angle for the canopy being measured.
Diffuse transmittance, was calculated by summing the weighted transmittances at the 5 zenith angles. The weighting factors are proportional to sin(theta)cos(theta). Values used were, 0.06, 0.19, 0.25, 0.25, and 0.25 for the 7, 23, 38, 53 and 68 degree at which the five sensors view the sky.
None.
None.
None.
Scattered radiation within the canopy being measured, and non-uniform sky brightness, cause error in estimation of leaf area index.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Verification studies conducted by LI-COR Inc. have shown that the LAI-2000 Canopy Analyzer performs well. LAI-2000 measurements were generally within 15% of values obtained by destructive sampling and measurement with a leaf area meter. In our own experience we found that even the destructive measurements are subject to large error. Prairie grass leaves tend to curl and fold as they are fed into the belts of a standard leaf area meter. The values obtained depended on how much care the operator takes when feeding in the leaves into the leaf area meter. As a rough guess even the destructive measurements are accurate only to width about 25% of the true sample leaf area value. In our opinion the non-destructive measurements with the LAI-2000 are as good as the destructive measurements, and provide a better estimate of the site mean, because many more non-destructive measurement can be made.
The optical head of the LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer is about 2.5 cm in cross-section, so that any plant material shorter than 2.5 cm is not detected. On sites grazed by animals, there may be substantial amounts of short grass which is not detected.
Not available at this revision.
None.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below.
The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its on-line data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps:
Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process.
Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows:
As errors are discovered in the on-line tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
None.
Use as rough estimates of leaf areas at the FIFE sites. True site means (accurate to within about 5%) would be very difficult and time-consuming to obtain.
Not available at this revision.
This data set can be used as rough estimates of leaf areas at the FIFE sites.
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
FIFE data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
The Indirect Leaf Area Index Obtained from the KSU Light Wand data are available on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The CD-ROM filenames is as follows:
\DATA\SUR_REFL\LIGHTWND\GRIDxxxx\ydddgrid.LWK
Where xxxx is the four digit code for the location within the FIFE site grid. Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that change for each path and file.
The format used for the filenames is: ydddgrid.sfx, where grid is the four-number code for the location within the FIFE site grid, y is the last digit of the year (e.g., 7 = 1987, and 9 = 1989), and ddd is the day of the year (e.g., 061 = sixty-first day in the year). The filename extension (.sfx), identifies the data set content for the file (see the Data Characteristics Section) and is equal to .LWK for this data set.
Anonymous. 1989. LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer, Operating Manual, June 1989. Published by LI-COR, Inc. Box 4425. 4421 Superior Street. Lincoln, Nebraska 68504, USA.
Warren Wilson, J. and Reeve, J.E. 1959. Analysis of the spatial distribution of foliage by two-dimensional point quadrats. New Phytol. (58) 92-101.
Miller, J.B. 1967. A formula for average foliage density. Aust. J. Bot. (15) 141-144.
Lang, A.R.G. 1986. Leaf area and average leaf angle from transmittance of direct sunlight. Aust. J. Bot. (34) 349-355.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or on-line access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at Glossary.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
May 9, 1994 (citation revised on October 16, 2002).
Warning: This document has not been checked for technical or editorial accuracy by the FIFE Information Scientist. There may be inconsistencies with other documents, technical or editorial errors that were inadvertently introduced when the document was compiled or references to preliminary data that were not included on the final CD-ROM.
Previous versions of this document have been reviewed by the Principal Investigator, the person who transmitted the data to FIS, a FIS staff member, or a FIFE scientist generally familiar with the data.
August 1, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_LIGHTWND.
Shah, T., and E. T. Kanemasu. 1994. LAI (Indirect): Light Wand - KSU (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/43. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.), Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).