Delta-X: Delft3D Sediment Model, Site 322, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA

This dataset contains the Delft3D model of the intensive site 322 in the Terrebonne Basin along the Mississippi River Delta (MRD) in coastal Louisiana. Simulations cover the Delta-X Spring and Fall deployments in 2021 and include hydrodynamics and sediment transport. All files required to run the simulations are included. The model's output of water velocity and depth-averaged sediment concentrations are provided for both deployments. The dataset includes annual inorganic mass accumulation rates derived through modelling intra-annual variability in water levels and suspended sediment concentrations. The data are provided in netCDF and ENVI formats.

There are 29 data files in this dataset: nine files netCDF (.nc4) format, nine ENVI binary files with 9 associated ENVI header files, and two zip archives holding 22 set-up files required to run the simulations.

This dataset contains the Delft3D model of the intensive site 322 in the Terrebonne Basin along the Mississippi River Delta (MRD) in coastal Louisiana. Simulations cover the Delta-X Spring and Fall deployments in 2021 and include hydrodynamics and sediment transport. All files required to run the simulations are included. The model's output of water velocity and depth-averaged sediment concentrations are provided for both deployments. The dataset includes annual inorganic mass accumulation rates derived through modelling intra-annual variability in water levels and suspended sediment concentrations.

Project: Delta-X

The Delta-X mission is a 5-year NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-3 mission to study the Mississippi River Delta in the United States, which is growing and sinking in different areas. River deltas and their wetlands are drowning as a result of sea level rise and reduced sediment inputs. The Delta-X mission will determine which parts will survive and continue to grow, and which parts will be lost. Delta-X begins with airborne and in situ data acquisition and carries through data analysis, model integration, and validation to predict the extent and spatial patterns of future deltaic land loss or gain.

Related datasets

Cortese, L., and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Broad-Scale Sediment Model, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2301

Cortese, L., X. Zhang, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Broad-Scale Sediment Model, Atchafalaya Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2302

Donatelli, C., and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Sediment Model, Site 294, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2303

Donatelli, C., L. Cortese, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Sediment Model, Site 421, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2304

Donatelli, C., P. Passalacqua, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Sediment Model, Site 399, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2313

Donatelli, C., P. Passalacqua, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Sediment Model, Site 396, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2314

Fichot, C.G., and J. Harringmeyer. 2022. Delta-X: AVIRIS-NG L3-derived Water Quality, TSS, and Turbidity, MRD, LA 2021, V2. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2112

Jones, C., T. Oliver-Cabrera, M. Simard, and Y. Lou. 2022. Delta-X: UAVSAR L3 Water Level Changes, MRD, Louisiana, 2021. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2058

Related Publication:

Cortese, L., C. Donatelli, X. Zhang, J.A. Nghiem, M. Simard, C.E. Jones, M. Denbina, C.G. Fichot, J.P. Harringmeyer, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Coupling numerical models of deltaic wetlands with AirSWOT, UAVSAR, and AVIRIS-NG remote sensing data, Biogeosciences. In review. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-108

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the NASA Science Mission Directorate’s Earth Science Division through the Earth Venture Suborbital-3 Program (grant NNH17ZDA001N-EVS3) and the Future Investigators in NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology (FINNEST) award (grant 80NSSC21K1612).

Spatial Coverage: Terrebonne Basin, Mississippi River Delta (MRD) floodplain, southern coast of Louisiana, USA

Spatial Resolution: 10 m

Temporal Coverage: 2021-03-25 to  2021-04-18 (Spring 2021 campaign) and 2021-08-12 to 2021-08-28 (Fall 2021 campaign)

Temporal Resolution: 1-hour time steps for model output

Site Boundaries: Latitude and longitude are given in decimal degrees.

Site	Westernmost Longitude	Easternmost Longitude	Northernmost Latitude	Southernmost Latitude
Terrebonne Basin	-91.1134	-91.1003	29.2532	29.2413

Data File Information

There are 29 data files in this dataset: 9 files netCDF (.nc4) format, 9 ENVI binary files with 9 associated ENVI header files, and two zip archives holding 22 set-up files required to run the simulations.

File naming convention for eight model output files: site322_d3d_output_<var>_<campaign>.<ext>, where

• <var> indicates the output variable. See Table 1.
• <campaign> is either "Fall2021" or "Spring2021"
• <ext> indicates file type: "nc4" = netCDF, "dat" = ENVI binary, and "hdr" = ENVI header (text format)

site322_IMAR.nc4 and site322_IMAR.dat hold estimates of annual inorganic mass accumulation rates (imar).

User Note: In site322_IMAR.nc4 and site322_IMAR.dat, there is a line of "0" values along the north-northwest edge and a line "0" values along the east-northeast edge of the raster array that should be excluded from analysis.

Fall2021_Delft3D_setup_322.zip and Spring2021_Delft3D_setup_322.zip each hold 11 files in text format needed to execute the Delft3D simulation model for this particular location (Table 2). 

Data File Details:

The model output files hold simulation output for hourly time steps: Spring has 600 time steps. Fall has 408 time steps.

The netCDF files hold spatial data in an array of georeferenced points with projected coordinates in UTM zone 15N, WGS84 (EPSG 32615). This array of points (grid) is rotated 35 degrees to the north-northwest (Figure 1. inset), and spacing between points is 10 m.

The ENVI files hold the same data as in the netCDFs in a rotated grid indicated in the ENVI header files.  These data are likewise projected into UTM zone 15 coordinates with 10-m resolution.  The ENVI files are provided because GIS software can more easily import this format as raster data compared to netCDF data georeferenced with two-dimensional coordinates.

The bands in the ENVI files correspond to one-hour time steps beginning at 2021-03-25 00:00:01 for Spring simulations and 2021-08-12 00:00:01 for Fall simulations. 

Table 1. Variables in netCDF and ENVI files.

Variable	Units	Description
ssc_mud	kg m-3	Depth averaged concentration of mud (cohesive)
u	m s-1	East-west component of water velocity
v	m s-1	North-south component of water velocity
wl	m	Water surface elevation above the NAVD88 vertical datum
imar	g cm-2 y-1	Annual inorganic mass accumulation rate (IMAR): annual rates of mineral mass deposited on wetlands, estimated from analysis of storm frequency and deposition.

Table 2. Delft3D model input files included in Fall2021_Delft3D_setup_322.zip and Spring2021_Delft3D_setup_322.zip. 

Filename	Description
100x82.grd	Computational grid definition
100x82.enc	Grid enclosure
bathymetry_322.dep	Elevation in meters of every cell (bathymetry) above and below NAVD88
boundaries.bnd	Boundary cells definition
BCs.bct	Boundary conditions
BCs_sediments.bcc	Boundary conditions of the sediment transport
chezy.rgh	Bottom roughness in every cell expressed as Chezy coefficient
critical_shear_stress.tce	Critical shear stress for erosion defined in each cell
morphology.mor	Parameters defining the morphological model
site_322.mdf	Master file for running the FLOW simulation
sediment_characteristics.sed	Parameters of mud fraction

Delft3d is a hydrodynamic model that is able to simulate water and sediment fluxes in coastal regions. Here, the model was employed to determine water levels, flow velocities and suspended sediment concentrations in the intensive site 322. Data produced by the model can be used in water quality studies that need physical variables such as suspended sediment concentration and water velocity.

To evaluate the performance of the numerical model, water levels were compared with: (i) field observations of water depth over the marsh, (ii) and data from UAVSAR (Jones et al., 2022).

See User Note about 0 values in site322_IMAR.* files in Section 2.

 

Study area

Terrebonne Bay is a deltaic lagoon located within the Mississippi Delta on the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The bay presents a series of narrow and low-lying barrier islands (the Isles Dernieres and Timbalier chains) that separate the back-barrier basin from the Gulf of Mexico. Tides are diurnal with a mean astronomical tidal range of 0.32 meters. Salt marshes in Terrebonne Bay heavily rely on wind processes to trap sediments and offset the deleterious effect of sea-level rise (Cortese and Fagherazzi, 2022). These data were focused on site 322, the location of intensive studies by Delta-X project.  The site is one of Louisiana's Coastwide Reference Monitoring Systems (CRMS) sites.

Methods

Delft3D (Lesser et al, 2004; https://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft3d) was utilized to simulate water and sediment movements in the intensive site 322 (hereafter the fine scale model). The numerical model was run for March 25 to April 18 2021 (Spring campaign) and from August 12 to August 28 2021 (Fall campaign). Bathymetric information derived from lidar was given with respect to NAVD88. The numerical grid has a resolution of 10 m x 10 m. Water levels measured at the CRMS station, and suspended sediment concentrations extracted from a broader scale model (see Cortese et al., 2023 for details) were imposed on the left end of this fine scale model. The broad scale model, due to its coarser spatial resolution, is not able to determine water levels and suspended sediment concentrations on the other two boundaries of the fine scale model. As such, Neumann boundary conditions and zero suspended sediment concentrations were imposed on these two boundaries. This choice implies that the numerical results are only reliable along the channel 1, while water levels and sediment deposition over the marsh along channels 2 and 3 must be discarded (Figure 1 inset).

Bottom friction was imposed in terms of Chezy coefficients similar to Zhang et al. (2022) and Cortese et al. (2023). A single sediment class was considered for site 322: mud (cohesive fraction). Sediment parameters of settling velocity and critical bed shear stress for erosion were calibrated using TSS maps derived from AVIRIS-NG data (Fichot and Harringmeyer, 2022). Water-level validation was performed by comparing the results of the fine scale model with: (i) field observations of water depth over the marsh, (ii) and data from UAVSAR (Jones et al., 2022), and (iii) water levels measured at the CRMS gauge.

Derivation of inorganic mass accumulation rates

The inorganic mass accumulation rates (IMAR) were obtained by assuming that the two simulated periods (i.e., March 25 to April 18 2021 and August 12 to 28 2021) were able to capture the intra-annual variability in water levels and suspended sediment concentrations within the selected area. The inorganic mass accumulation computed for the Spring campaign was multiplied by a scale factor to account for half a year. Inorganic mass accumulation computed for the Fall campaign was multiplied by a scale factor to account for the second half of a year. Then, the two contributions were summed to obtain the yearly inorganic mass accumulation rates.

More details are available in Cortese et al. (2023).

Cortese, L., and S. Fagherazzi. 2022. Fetch and distance from the bay control accretion and erosion patterns in Terrebonne marshes (Louisiana, USA). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 47:1455–1465. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5327

Cortese, L., C. Donatelli, X. Zhang, J.A. Nghiem, M. Simard, C.E. Jones, M. Denbina, C.G. Fichot, J.P. Harringmeyer, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Coupling numerical models of deltaic wetlands with AirSWOT, UAVSAR, and AVIRIS-NG remote sensing data. Biogeosciences, in review. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-108

Cortese, L., and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Broad-Scale Sediment Model, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2301

Cortese, L., X. Zhang, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Broad-Scale Sediment Model, Atchafalaya Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2302

Donatelli, C., and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Sediment Model, Site 294, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2303

Donatelli, C., L. Cortese, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Sediment Model, Site 421, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2304

Donatelli, C., P. Passalacqua, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Sediment Model, Site 399, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2313

Donatelli, C., P. Passalacqua, and S. Fagherazzi. 2023. Delta-X: Delft3D Sediment Model, Site 396, Terrebonne Basin, MRD, Louisiana, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2314

Fichot, C.G., and J. Harringmeyer. 2022. Delta-X: AVIRIS-NG L3-derived Water Quality, TSS, and Turbidity, MRD, LA 2021, V2. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2112

Jones, C., T. Oliver-Cabrera, M. Simard, and Y. Lou. 2022. Delta-X: UAVSAR L3 Water Level Changes, MRD, Louisiana, 2021. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2058

Lesser, G.R., J.A. Roelvink, J.A. T.M. van Kester, and G.S. Stelling. 2004. Development and validation of a three-dimensional morphological model. Coastal Engineering 51:883–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2004.07.014

Zhang, X., C.E. Jones, T. Oliver-Cabrera, M. Simard, and S. Fagherazzi. 2022. Using rapid repeat SAR interferometry to improve hydrodynamic models of flood propagation in coastal wetlands. Advances in Water Resources 159:1040888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.104088