The SE-590 Leaf Level Spectral Observations from GSFC Data Set were acquired in situ with a Spectron SE590 spectroradiometer fitted with the 1 degree IFOV lens, and coupled with a LI-COR integrating sphere. The purpose in collecting SE590 leaf reflectance and transmittance data was to characterize the optical properties of the canopy components to gain a better understanding of how these optical properties contribute to canopy reflection and absorption of radiation. To measure the reflectance and transmittance of leaf surfaces an integrating sphere was used. The integrating sphere collected all of the radiation reflected from or transmitted through a surface.
These data are the average spectral optical properties (i.e., reflectance, transmittance) and the standard deviations for the three dominant species found on each of three sites: 916 (i.e., Big Bluestem, Indiangrass, and Switchgrass), 906 (i.e., Big Bluestem, Indiangrass, and Switchgrass), and 26 (i.e., Big Bluestem, Lovegrass and Dropseed) during late July and early August, 1989. The average spectral reflectance and transmittance represent the mean values for the adaxial (top) and abaxial (bottom) sides of 4 - 10 leaves for wavelengths between 400 - 1050 nm at approximately 3 nm intervals.
SE-590 Leaf Optical Prop. Data (FIFE).
(SE-590 Leaf Level Spectral Observations from GSFC).
The SE-590 Leaf Level Spectral Observations from GSFC data are the average spectral optical properties (i.e., reflectance, transmittance) and the standard deviations for the three dominant species found on each of three sites: 916 (Big Bluestem, Indiangrass, and Switch grass), 906 (Big Bluestem, Indiangrass, and Switchgrass), and 26 (Big Bluestem, Lovegrass and Dropseed) during late July and early August, 1989.
The purpose in collecting SE590 leaf reflectance and transmittance data was to characterize the optical properties of the canopy components to gain a better understanding of how these optical properties contribute to canopy reflection and absorption of radiation.
Spectral reflectance and transmittance of leaves and wavelength.
Leaf-level spectral observations were acquired in situ with a Spectron SE590 spectroradiometer fitted with the 1 degree IFOV lens, and coupled with a LI-COR integrating sphere. This system was held in place by a tripod. For grass leaves, two leaves were abutted at their widest parts and held in place by tape in two places-above and below sphere's aperture. No gaps between leaves, or overlaps, were permitted; this was verified by examination of the transmitted beam (in Reflectance Mode) through the leaf onto a mirror before data acquisitions. All data were automatically corrected for dark current and corrected for stray light during processing. These data are the average spectral optical properties (reflectance, transmittance) for the three dominant species found on each of three sites: 916 (Big Bluestem, Indiangrass, and Switch grass), 906 (Big Bluestem, Indiangrass, and Switchgrass), and 26 (Big Bluestem, Lovegrass and Dropseed) during late July and early August, 1989. The average spectral reflectance and transmittance represent the mean values for the adaxial (top) and abaxial (bottom) sides of 4-10 leaves for wavelengths between 400-1050 nm at ~3 nm intervals. Also given are the standard deviations.
SE590_LEAF_DATA.
Dr. Elizabeth M. Middleton
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Quantifying Reflectance Anisotropy of Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Grasslands.
Contact 1:
Dr. Elizabeth Middleton
NASA/Goddard Sp. Fl. Ctr.
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-8344
middleton@pldsg3.gsfc.nasa.gov
Contact 2:
K. Fred Huemmrich
NASA/Goddard Sp. Fl. Ctr.
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-4862
fred@ltpsun.gsfc.nasa.gov
The SE-590 Leaf Level Spectral Observations from GSFC were collected by Dr. Elizabeth M. Middleton and her colleagues at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Their contribution of these data is particularly appreciated.
To measure reflectance and transmittance of leaf surfaces an integrating sphere is used. The integrating sphere collects all of the radiation reflected from or transmitted through a surface. In the LI-COR 1800-12 integrating sphere the sample is held to the outside of the sphere, with a small section of the sample acting as part of the sphere wall. The interior of the sphere is coated with barium sulfate to make a uniform diffuse reflector. In this type of sphere the sensor, in this case an SE590, does not directly observe the sample. The field-of-view of the sensor is on a section of the sphere wall.
To calculate reflectance a comparison is made of the wall illumination caused by a beam of radiation reflected by the sample material to that reflected from the reference material. The LI-COR 1800-12 uses the same illumination source for both cases. The light source is moved between ports to illuminate the sample and reference material. Under ideal conditions the sample reflectance Rs is given by:
Where Is is the output when the sample is illuminated and Ir is the reference output. In reality other factors must be considered. First, the reference material is not a perfect reflector, and second, not all of the incoming radiation beam hits the sample or reference, some radiation is scattered off of the sphere walls without hitting the target. Taking these factors into account the reflectance is given by: Where Rr is the reflectance of the reference material and Id is the radiation scattered without hitting the target. Id can be determined by illuminating the sample port with no sample in it such that no external radiation can enter. Thus the only radiation illuminating the sample wall will be internally scattered. Transmittance is calculated by comparing the wall illumination from radiation passed through the sample to the illumination caused by radiation that did not pass through the sample. For diffusive samples, the transmittance Ts is: Where Rr is the reflectance of the reference material, Is the output when the sample is illuminated and Ir is the output when the reference material is illuminated.
The Spectron Engineering SE590 is a portable battery operated spectroradiometer consisting of a CE500 data analyzer/logger controller, CE390 spectral detector head and an external battery charger/power supply. The CE500 is a self contained microprocessor based controller which processes the signal from the head, amplifying and digitizing it with 12 bit resolution. For each spectral scan, the controller actuates the CE390 shutter, measures and stores the dark current, calculates optimum integration time, acquires the spectrum and automatically subtracts the noise for all 256 spectral elements. A series of scans can be taken and automatically averaged. The spectrum is stored in a double precision register which saves the entire 12-bit binary spectra until it is transmitted through the RS-232C port. The spectral detector head uses a defraction grating as the dispersive element; the spectrum is imaged onto a 256 element photodiode array. Each element integrates simultaneously acquiring the spectrum in a fraction of a second. The interconnect cable from the spectral head to the controller couples the spectral signals to the controller, timing and control signals to the head. A shutter in the head, operated by the controller closes the light path for dark current measurements. For further information consult the SE590 operating manual.
The SE590 was fitted with a 1 degree IFOV lens and attached to the observation port of the LI-COR 1800-12 Integrating Sphere. This system was held in place by a tripod. The sphere has five ports in it. The sample port is 1.45 cm in diameter, the observation port is 0.64 cm in diameter. There are three entrance ports, one each for reflectance, reference, and transmittance. The reference ample disk uses pressed barium sulfate powder and the sphere has an internal coating of barium sulfate. The sphere is illuminated using a 6 volt, 10 watt glass-halogen lamp with a spot diameter of 1.14 cm and stray light amount less than 0.5%. For grass leaves, which are too narrow for a single leaf to cover the sample port, two leaves were abutted at their widest parts and held in place by tape in two places (i.e., above and below sphere's aperture).
Ground-based.
The SE590 was attached to the observation port of the LI-COR integrating sphere. Both were mounted on a tripod. The measurements were made in situ, utilizing battery power supplied by a 12v deep cycle battery.
To measure leaf reflectance and transmittance in situ.
Leaf reflectance and transmittance from 0.372 to 1.1 micro meters at unequal intervals of 0.002 - 0.003 micro meters.
The SE590 spectral detector head uses a defraction grating as the dispersive element; the spectrum is imaged onto a 256 element photodiode array. Each element integrates simultaneously acquiring the spectrum in a fraction of a second. The integrating sphere collects all of the radiation reflected from or transmitted through a surface and the SE590 measures the illumination of the wall of the integration sphere. To calculate leaf reflectance a comparison of the wall illumination caused by a beam of radiation reflected by the sample material to that reflected from the reference material. Leaf transmittance is calculated by comparing the wall illumination from radiation passed through the sample to the illumination caused by radiation that did not pass through the sample.
The SE590 was fitted with a 1 degree IFOV lens and attached to the observation port of the LI-COR 1800-12 Integrating Sphere. This system was held in place by a tripod. There are three entrance ports on the sphere, one each for reflectance, reference, and transmittance. Depending which type of measurement is being made these ports are filled by the lamp, a white plug, or a hollow black cover. The lamp is a 6 volt, 10 watt glass-halogen amp. The reference port has a disk of pressed barium sulfate powder covering it.
For grass leaves, which are too narrow for a single leaf to cover the sample port, two leaves were abutted at their widest parts and held in place by tape in two places-above and below sample port. No gaps between leaves, or overlaps, were permitted; this was verified by examination of the transmitted beam (in Reflectance Mode) through the leaf onto a mirror before data acquisitions.
SE590:
Integrating sphere:
The SE590 was calibrated in house (GSFC) against several standards:
Each SE590 has a unique wavelength associated with each of its 252 bands. The wavelength channels sample the spectrum between 0.372 - 1.1 micro meters at unequal intervals of 0.002 - 0.003 micro meters.
The true spectral resolution was 0.12 (0.10 - 0.15) micro meters.
Daily stability checks were performed during the IFC5 period. A post-season wavelength and radiance calibration were performed at Goddard Space Flight Center.
Not available at this revision.
Relatively uniform areas (100 m E2) were identified at each of 3 sites (i.e., 916, 906, 926) for acquisition of canopy reflectance from a tripod/boom platform using the PARABOLA and SE590 radiometers. In the adjacent areas individual plants were randomly selected of the 3 dominant species on each site. Measurements were made on the uppermost fully expanded leaf or leaf pair; leaves were left attached to the plant during measurements. On site 916, these tagged leaves were resampled by the University of Nebraska group (Blad, Walter-shea, et al.). Measurements were initiated on the same day that canopy reflectance data were acquired, and completed on the next/or subsequent day. The same SE590 radiometer (green unit) was used for both canopy-level and leaf-level measurements.
Not available.
None.
Individual leaves or pairs of leaves were measured for the three dominant species at the three FIFE supersites. The FIFE study area with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
This is point data collected at the following locations within the FIFE study area:
SITEGRID STN NORTHING EASTING LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEV
-------- --- -------- ------- -------- --------- ----
2133-SEL 906 4329726 711604 39 05 34 -96 33 12 443
4439-SEL 916 4325193 712773 39 03 06 -96 32 28 443
8739-SEL 926 4316699 712845 38 58 31 -96 32 35 442
SITEGRID SLOPE ASPECT
-------- ----- ------
2133-SEL 1 TOP
4439-SEL 2 N
8739-SEL 1 TOP
Not available.
Individual leaves.
Not available.
Not available.
The data were collected during IFC-5 (07/24/89 - 08/12/89), observations collected over several days were averaged together. Data were collected at sitegrid 2133-SEL from August 4 to 10, 1989, sitegrid 4439-SEL from August 2 to 7, 1989, and at sitegrid 8739-SEL from August 5 to 7, 1989.
Not available.
The data are averages of several measurements collected over several days.
The SQL definition for this table is found in the SE_LEAF.TDF file located on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1.
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
SITEGRID_ID This is a FIS grid location code. Site grid codes (SSEE-III) give the south (SS) and east (EE) cell number in a 100 x 100 array of 200 m square cells. The last 3 characters (III) are an instrument identifier.
STATION_ID The station ID designating the location of the observations.
START_DATE The start date of the observations, in the format (DD-MMM-YY).
END_DATE The ending date of the observations, in the format (DD-MMM-YY).
SPECIES_NAME The common name of the plant being measured.
LTER_SPECIES_CODE The LTER species code (see VEG_SPECIES_REF) for the species of the leaf measured.
NUM_OBS The number of observations made.
WAVLEN The wavelength at which the [microns] observation was made.
LEAF_REFL The mean percent reflectance of [percent] the leaves.
SDEV_REFL The standard deviation of the [percent] reflectance measurements.
LEAF_TRNSMTNC The mean percent transmittance of [percent] the leaves.
SDEV_TRNSMTNC The standard deviation of the [percent] transmittance measurements.
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE The FIFE Certification Code for * the data, in the following format: CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-??? (CPI - questionable data).
LAST_REVISION_DATE The last revision date for the data, in the format (DD-MMM-YY).
Note:
Valid levels
The primary certification codes are:
The certification code modifiers are:
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID START_DATE END_DATE SPECIES_NAME
----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------
2133-SEL 906 04-AUG-89 10-AUG-89 BIG BLUESTEM
2133-SEL 906 04-AUG-89 10-AUG-89 BIG BLUESTEM
2133-SEL 906 04-AUG-89 10-AUG-89 BIG BLUESTEM
2133-SEL 906 04-AUG-89 10-AUG-89 BIG BLUESTEM
LTER_SPECIES_CODE NUM_OBS WAVLEN LEAF_REFL SDEV_REFL LEAF_TRNSMTNC
----------------- ------- -------- --------- --------- -------------
2 10 .3996 11.10 .80 7.90
2 10 .4021 11.00 .70 7.30
2 10 .4046 10.60 .80 6.60
2 10 .4073 10.40 1.10 6.30
SDEV_TRNSMTNC FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE LAST_REVISION_DATE
------------- --------------------- ------------------
.80 CPI 01-SEP-93
.70 CPI 01-SEP-93
.80 CPI 01-SEP-93
.60 CPI 01-SEP-93
Individual leaves or pairs of leaves were measured for the three dominant species at the three FIFE supersites. The data set contains point data collected during IFC-5 (07/24/89 - 08/12/89). The data are averages of several measurements collected over several days.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begins with five header records. Header records contain the following information:
Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in Section 8.2 and described in detail in the TDF file (see Section 8.1). These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
In 1987, the data were originally recorded on magnetic tape in microcassettes and transferred via computer interface to floppy diskettes. Each scan consisted of a header which included date, time, scan sequence number, etc. and a string of 252 digital count values for each wavelength sampled (0.372-1.011 fm). The data were carefully examined scan by scan to evaluate data quality and to validate each one relative to the field data log sheets. Data were processed on a 286 or 386 desk-top computer using SE590 processing and analysis software developed by Moon Kim (Code 923, NASA/GSFC). Data files were segmented into smaller files corresponding to SZA sampling periods. For "Canopy-Level" data, the processing program followed these steps:
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Percent spectral reflectance.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Due to decreased sensitivity of the instrument at extreme wavelengths, the data were retained only for the interval 0.400 - 1.01 fm.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below.
The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its online data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps:
Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process.
Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows:
As errors are discovered in the online tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
This data set can be used to gain a better understanding of how the optical properties of canopy components contribute to canopy reflection and absorption of radiation
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
FIFE data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
The SE-590 Leaf Level Spectral Observations from GSFC are available on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The CD-ROM filename is as follows:
\DATA\SUR_REFL\SE5_LEAF\1989grid.Lss
The format used for the filenames is: 1989grid.Lss, where grid is the four-number code for the location within the FIFE site grid and ss is the two digit LTER code for the species from which the spectra were collected. The content of each file is described in Section 8.2.
Spectron Engineering, Inc. Operating Manual: SE590 field-portable data-logging spectroradiometer. Spectron Engineering. Denver, CO 80223.
Deering, D.W., and E.M. Middleton. 1990. Spectral bi-directional reflectance and effects on vegetation indices for a prairie grassland. Symposium on FIFE. First ISLSCP Field Experiment. American Meteorological Society. Boston, Mass. pp. 71-76.
Deering, D.W., T.F. Eck, and J. Otterman. 1990. Bi-directional reflectances of selected desert surfaces and their three parameter soil characterization. J.Agric For. Meteorol. 52:71-93.
Deering, D.W., E.M. Middleton, J.R. Irons, B.L. Blad, E.A. Walter-Shea, C.J. Hayes, C.L. Walthall, T.F. Eck, S.P. Ahmad, and B.P. Banerjee. 1992. Prairie grassland bi-directional reflectances measured by different instruments at the FIFE site. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,887-18,903.
Frouin, R. and E.M. Middleton. 1990. A Differential Absorption Technique to Estimate Atmospheric Total Water Vapor Amounts. Symposium on FIFE. First ISLSCP Field Experiment. American Meteorological Society. Boston, Mass. pp. 135-139.
Mesarch, M.A., E.A. Walter-Shea, B.L. Blad, C.J. Hays, and E.M. Middleton. 1993. Comparing biophysical properties of the Streletskaya steppe reserve and the Konza prairie. Remote Sens. Environ. (submitted 4/93).
Middleton, E.M., D.W. Deering and S.P. Ahmad. 1987. Surface anisotropy and hemispheric reflectance for a semiarid ecosystem. Remote Sens. Environ. 23:193-212.
Middleton, E.M. 1990. Diurnal change in the vegetation index for tallgrass prairie. Proc. IGARSS '90. pp. 1013-1016.
Middleton, E.M. 1991. Solar zenith angle effects on vegetation indices and estimates of canopy variables in tallgrass prairie. Remote Sens. Environ. 38:45-62.
Middleton, E.M. 1992. Quantifying Reflectance Anisotropy for Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Grasslands. J. Geophys. Res. 97(D17): 18,935-18,946.
Middleton, E.M. 1992. Inferring Total Canopy APAR from PAR bi-directional reflectances and vegetation indices in tallgrass prairie. Proc. IGARSS '92. pp. 749-751.
Ranson, K.J., C.S.T. Daughtry, L.L. Biehl, and M.E. Bauer. 1985. Sun-view angel effect on reflectance factors of corn canopies. Remote Sens. Environ. 18:147-161.
Sellers, P.J. 1985. Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration. Int. J. Remote Sens. 8(6):1335-1372.
Sellers, P.J. 1987. Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration. II. The role of biophysics in the linearity of their interdependence. Remote Sens. Environ. 21,:143-183.
Sellers, P.J., and F.G.Hall, FIFE experiment plan. 1987. International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project. NASA Goddard Space Flight Cent. Greenbelt, Md.. May.
Sellers, P.J., and F.G. Hall. 1989. The FIFE 1989 experiment plan. NASA Goddard Space Flight Cent. Greenbelt, Md. July.
Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, G. Asrar, D.E. Strebel, and R.E. Murphy. 1988. The first ISLSCP field experiment (FIFE). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 69(1):22-27.
Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, D.E. Strebel, R.D. Kelly, S.B. Verma, B.L. Markham, B.L. Blad, D.S. Schimel, J.R. Wang, and E. Kanemasu (Eds.). 1990. FIFE interim report: Experimental execution, results, and analyses. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
Walthall, C.L., and E.M. Middleton. 1992. Assessing spatial and seasonal variations in grasslands with spectral reflectances from a helicopter platform. J. Geophys. Res. 97:18,905-18,912.
Walthall, C.L., J.M. Norman, J.M. Welles, G. Campbell, and B.L. Blad. 1971. Simple equation to approximate the bi-directional reflectance from vegetative canopies and bare soil surfaces. Appl. Plant Physiol. 47:656-662.
Walter-Shea, E.A., B.L. Blad, C.J. Hays, M.A. Mesarch, D.W. Deering, and E.M. Middleton. 1992. Biophysical Properties Affecting Vegetative Canopy Reflectance and Absorbed Photosynthetically Radiation at the FIFE Site. 97(D17):18,887-18,934.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or online access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at Glossary.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
April 25, 1994 (citation revised on October 16, 2002).
Warning: This document has not been checked for technical or editorial accuracy by the FIFE Information Scientist. There may be inconsistencies with other documents, technical or editorial errors that were inadvertently introduced when the document was compiled or references to preliminary data that were not included on the final CD-ROM.
Previous versions of this document have been reviewed by the Principal Investigator, the person who transmitted the data to FIS, a FIS staff member, or a FIFE scientist generally familiar with the data.
August 15, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_SE_LEAF.
Middleton, E. M. 1994. SE-590 Leaf Optical Prop[erties]. Data (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.), Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).
http://daac.ornl.gov/FIFE/Datasets/Surface_Radiation/SE-590_Leaf_Data.html