The purpose of the Leaf Area Index and PAR Determined from KSU Light Bar Measurements study was to collect extensive non-destructive measurements of Leaf Area Index (LAI) at the flux sites during IFC-5 (August 1989). These data were collected at thirteen locations which were coincident with the surface flux measurements within the FIFE study area from July 3, 1989 through August 18, 1989.
The various fractions of the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) (i.e., diffuse, reflected, transmitted and total) were measured using a Line Quantum meter from LI-COR Inc. From these fractions the ratio of reflected to total incoming PAR was computed. LAI can be estimated from light bar measurements of PAR transmittance from measurements above and below a vegetation canopy. The use of the light bar allows rapid, multiple, and repeatable measurements of LAI at the FIFE sites. This type of measurements could not be done using destructive measurements of LAI.
LAI & PAR Data: Light Bar - KSU (FIFE).
(Leaf Area Index and PAR Determined from KSU Light Bar Measurements).
The Leaf Area Index and PAR Determined from KSU Light Bar Data Set was collected at thirteen locations which were coincident with the surface flux measurements within the FIFE study area from July 3, 1989 through August 18, 1989. The data set contains the total incoming reflected, diffuse and transmitted PAR, and the ratio of reflected to total PAR collected using non-destructive techniques.
The purpose of this study is to collect extensive non-destructive measurements of Leaf Area Index (LAI) at the flux sites during IFC-5 (August 1989).
Total incoming reflected, diffuse and transmitted PAR, and the ratio of reflected to total PAR.
The various fractions of the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) - diffuse, reflected, transmitted and total - were measured using a Line Quantum meter from LI-COR Inc. From these fractions an indirect measure of Leaf Area Index (LAI) was computed as well as the ratio of reflected to total incoming PAR. These data were collected at thirteen locations which were coincident with the surface flux measurements within the FIFE study area from July 3, 1989 through August 18, 1989.
LIGHT_BAR_KSU_DATA.
Dr. Tanvir Shah
Alabama A & M University
Dr. E.T. Kanemasu (Head)
University of Georgia
Measuring and Modeling Near-Surface Reflected and Emitted Radiation Fluxes at the FIFE Site.
Contact 1:
Dr. Tanvir Shah
Alabama A & M University
Normal, AL
(205) 851-5462
aamths01@asnaam.asn.net
Contact 2:
Dr. E.T. Kanemasu
University of Georgia
Griffin, GA
(404) 228-7272
ekanamasu@griffin.uga.edu
The Leaf Area Index and PAR Determined from KSU Light Bar Measurements was collected as part of the KSU staff science effort directed by Dr. E.T. Kanemasu.
Light traveling through a vegetation canopy is attenuated by interception with leaves. The fraction of photosynthetically active radiation transmitted through the canopy is related to the distribution and amount of leaves in the canopy. If the leaves are assumed to be randomly distributed in the canopy and opaque in the PAR wavelengths the irradiance at the bottom of the canopy is given by the following:
where Io is the incoming irradiance, LAI is the leaf area index, and k is an extinction coefficient. The exponent, k * LAI, is the area of the shadow of the leaves projected onto a horizontal plane. Assuming a spherical leaf angle distribution, i.e., the distribution of leaf inclination and orientation angles is similar to those found on the surface of a sphere, k, can be calculated from the solar zenith angle, SZA:,
These equations can be combined to solve for LAI from light bar measurements of PAR transmittance from measurements above and below the canopy. The use of the light bar allows rapid, multiple, and repeatable measurements of LAI at the FIFE sites. This type of measurements could not be done using destructive measurements of LAI.
The quantum sensors measured photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the 0.4 to 0.7 micron waveband and produced an analog voltage response proportional to the scene irradiance. The fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by vegetation at the flux stations was measured using 3 point PAR quantum sensors (LI-190 SB quantum sensors, LI-COR Inc.) and a 50 cm long line PAR quantum sensor (light-bar, Evapotranspiration Laboratory #1). All the PAR sensors were covered with white diffusers. The commercially available 1m long light-bar (from LI-COR Inc.) was not used, because it caused too much disturbance of the grass canopy. The LI-COR light-bar has a cross section area of 2.5 x 2.5 [cm^2]. When grass is short or brush-like, the large light bar under estimates interception because it either projects above the canopy, or parts the grass unnaturally allowing excessive amounts of light to reach the sensor. The 50 cm long light-bar was made from approximately 100 GaAsP photodiodes (CP-1511C, from Centronic Inc.) connected in parallel. The array of diodes was mounted in 0.9 cm x 0.9 cm x 50 cm long aluminum bar. The window of the light bar was made of a 1/16 inch thick white Plexiglas to act as diffuser.
Ground-based.
The light bar was hand held in a horizontal position.
Not applicable.
Incoming, reflected, and transmitted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measured with a Light Bar, and Leaf Area Index calculated from the PAR measurements.
Not available at this revision.
The line quantum sensor was hand-held in a horizontal position. Incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were measured with the sensor held upright above the canopy at an approximate height of 1.5 m above the soil surface. Reflected PAR were measured with the sensor held inverted above the canopy at an approximate height of 0.5 m above the canopy surface. Transmitted PAR were measured with the sensor held upright in the canopy at the soil surface. The sensor has a near hemispherical field-of-view along its 1 m length.
LI-COR, inc.
4421 Superior Street
P.O. Box 4425
Lincoln, Nebraska 68504
(402) 467-3576
The calibration factors for the three point PAR sensors used were supplied by LI-COR Inc. and were as follows:
PAR sensor LI-COR Serial # Calibration
([mV][1000 microEinstein^-1]
[m^-2][sec^-1])
------------------- --------------- ----------------------------
up-looking 570-7302 2.76
down-looking 4203 3.76
up-looking (shaded) 566-7302 2.43
The light-bar was calibrated against the above 3 point quantum sensors over a two-day period at a CO2 enrichment experimental site about one and half miles north of Kansas State University's Campus. The calibration factor for the light-bar (Evapotranspiration Laboratory. #1) is:
18.34 [mV][1000 microEinstein^-1][m^-2][sec^-1]
The dark level outputs of the PAR sensors was less than 0.0005 mV and no correction for dark level output was applied during data processing.
Not known.
June 28 and 29, 1989.
Not available at this revision.
The 3 point quantum sensors were mounted on a tripod with attachments for holding the sensors. The tripod and attachments were oriented to minimize any shading of the plot by the mounting frame-work. One point quantum sensor looked upwards for monitoring the incoming light. Another sensor looked downwards from a height of about 1 m above the canopy for obtaining the reflected PAR. The third point sensor was set up for monitoring the diffuse incoming PAR. It looked upwards and was shaded with a 1.5 cm wide strip of metal from a distance of about 14 cm. The light-bar was slid into the base of the grass canopy so as to cause minimum disturbance. All sensors were leveled before taking a reading. The output of all 4 sensors was recorded simultaneously on a data logger (Omnidata polycorder). The light-bar was then taken out and re-inserted at the base of the grass canopy about 10-20 cm away from its previous position within the plot, and a second replicate set of readings were taken. Light bar measurements were also made in conjunction with destructive sampling measurements of LAI for some plots for comparison of the methodologies. These measurements have an SAMPLE_TYPE of 'DS'. Some of the plots that were destructively sampled were watered prior to the light bar measurements. This was done to cause the leaves to uncurl to get a better measurement of LAI. (see the Field Notes Section to see when this was done). These measurements have an SAMPLE_TYPE of 'DSWW'.
Not available.
SITE 1989 WHERE APPROX. # OF REMARKS
DATE SAMPLED PLOTS AND REPS
---- ---- ------- -------------- -------------------------------
906 7/03 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
910 7/04 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
911 7/05 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurement
944 7/06 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurement
921 7/07 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurement
908 7/10 in WAB 27 plots data set not complete
2 readings/plot
906 7/10 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
919 7/11 in WAB 18 plots data set not complete
2 readings/plot
921 7/11 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
902 7/12 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
911 7/12 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
910 7/13 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
912 7/13 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
936 7/13 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
913 7/14 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
944 7/14 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
925 7/14 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
938 7/14 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
910 7/17 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
910 7/17 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
944 7/18 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
944 7/18 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
911 7/19 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
911 7/19 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
906 7/20 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
906 7/20 in WAB 30 plots incomplete data set
2 readings/plot
921 7/21 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
921 7/21 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
908 7/24 in WAB 24 plots
2 readings/plot
910 7/24 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
902 7/24 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
938 7/25 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
936 7/25 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
944 7/25 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
912 7/26 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
921 7/26 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
913 7/27 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
925 7/27 in WAB 24 plots
2 readings/plot
906 7/27 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
919 7/28 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
911 7/28 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
944 7/31 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
944 7/31 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
910 8/01 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
910 8/01 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
921 8/02 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
921 8/02 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
906 8/04 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
906 8/04 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
911 8/04 behind 10 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
911 8/05 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
902 8/07 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
910 8/07 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
906 8/07 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
921 8/08 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
911 8/08 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
944 8/08 behind 4 plots well-watered before
WAB 2 readings/plot measurements,
destructively sampled
after measurements
908 8/08 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
938 8/09 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
936 8/09 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
912 8/10 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
925 8/10 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
913 8/11 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
919 8/11 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
906 8/14 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement. Plot #s
13-20 were in the
PARABOLA area
906 8/14 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
921 8/15 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement Plot
#s 1-9 were in
the PARABOLA area
921 8/15 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
911 8/16 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement. Plot #s
13-20 were in the
PARABOLA area.
911 8/16 in WAB 50 plots
2 readings/plot
910 8/17 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
910 8/17 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
944 8/18 behind 20 plots destructively
WAB 2 readings/plot sampled after
measurement
944 8/18 in WAB 25 plots
2 readings/plot
The FIFE study area, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
This is point data collected at specific locations within the FIFE study area. Measurements were taken at thirteen stations during FIFE 1989. These stations were coincident with the surface flux stations during 1989. The locations and characteristics of these locations are listed below.
SITEGRID STN_ID NORTHING EASTING LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEV
-------- ------ -------- ------- -------- --------- ----
1478-BRS 938 4331223 720664 39 06 15 -96 26 53 375
1916-BRK 902 4330282 708259 39 05 55 -96 35 30 351
1942-BRL 944 4330133 713414 39 05 46 -96 31 56 422
2133-ECA 906 4329726 711604 39 05 34 -96 33 12 443
2330-BRK 908 4329314 711066 39 05 22 -96 33 35 424
2655-BRL 936 4328787 716070 39 05 00 -96 30 07 367
3129-BRK 912 4327822 710820 39 04 33 -96 33 47 431
3317-BRK 910 4327395 708485 39 04 22 -96 35 24 427
4168-SAM 925 4325704 718646 39 03 18 -96 28 24 438
4439-PAM 911 4325219 712795 39 03 07 -96 32 27 445
6735-BRL 913 4320652 712073 39 00 40 -96 33 03 385
6735-PAM 813 4320652 712073 39 00 40 -96 33 03 385
6912-PAM 919 4320178 707307 39 00 29 -96 36 21 385
8639-SAM 921 4316771 712827 38 58 33 -96 32 36 440
SITEGRID SLOPE ASPECT
-------- ----- ------
1478-BRS 2 N
1916-BRK 2 N
1942-BRL 1 TOP
2133-ECA 1 TOP
2330-BRK 5 E
2655-BRL 4 E
3129-BRK 14 E
3317-BRK 15 W
4168-SAM 1 TOP
4439-PAM 2 N
6735-BRL 1 BOTTOM
6735-PAM 1 BOT
6912-PAM 2 N
8639-SAM 1 TOP
The number of plots measured at each site (by date) and their position in relation to the Wind Aligned Blobs (WAB) are listed in the Field Notes Section.
The permanent (140-240 degree) WABs at the super-sites (sites 906, 911, and 921) were marked with 100 flags with the density of flags varying with distance from the flux station as follows:
Radial Distance (m): 10 20 30 40 50 60
70 80 90 100
Sample Frequency: 2 7 10 12 13 13
13 12 10 8
These flag positions are referred to as plots within the sites. The positions of these plots within the permanent WABs were fixed throughout the duration of FIFE 89. These plots were numbered sequentially. Plot 1 was the first plot just in from the 240 degree compass bearing on the 10 m arc from the apex of the WAB, and plot 100 was 100 m away from the apex on the 240 degree compass bearing. Plots at the non-supersites (all other flux sites) were marked out at half the density of plots at the super- sites (i.e. 50 plots in the 140-240 degree WAB). PAR readings in the WAB were taken at odd numbered plots while light-wand readings were taken at every plot in the WAB. A given plot number in any data set corresponds to the same location at the site. In the case of in-WAB measurements these locations were fixed throughout the duration of FIFE 89. In addition to readings in the WABs PAR and light-wand readings were also taken behind the WABs at positions where destructive samples (for LAI and biomass) were due to be taken. The non-destructive measurements were always taken just before (less than ½ hour prior to) destructive sampling. The destructive plots were usually positioned 5 - 10m apart along a linear east-west transect about 20 m or so behind the WAB apex, i.e., within the 270-90 degree compass bearings from the flux measuring apparatus. The plots were labeled sequentially. Also a limited number of PAR and LAI-2000 readings were taken in the PARABOLA areas at the super-sites. On August 14, 15, and 16 the transects to examine drought stress on leaf curl and those used for destructive sampling passed through the PARABOLA areas. These transects are identified with a SAMPLE_TYPE of DS for destructive sampling, or DSWW for destructive sampling and well watered. For these plots a full set of destructive and non-destructive measurements is available. On August 14 at site 906 destructive plots 13 - 20 were in the PARABOLA area. On August 15 at site 921 destructive plots 1 - 9 were in the PARABOLA area. On August 16 at site 911 destructive plots 13 - 20 were in the PARABOLA area.
Not available.
The LI-COR LI-191SA line quantum sensor and LI-COR LI-190 SA quantum sensor have a near hemispherical field-of-view. The plot size was approximately 3 m x 3 m.
Not available.
Not available.
One set of two measurements took approximately 1 minute. The time (5 to 60 minutes) to complete all the measurements at a site depended on the number of plots at the site.
The data was collected between July 3, 1989 and August 18, 1989. The measurement time ranged from 1249 to 2400 GMT. Measurements were not continuously made over this range but were in discrete measurement periods. Some observation dates only have morning or evening measurements.
Not available.
The optimum time interval between plot measurements was approximately 1-2 minutes. The typical time interval between plots was approximately 5 minutes. The time interval depended on the distance between the plots, the terrain, and sky conditions.
The SQL definition for this table is found in the LB_KSU.TDF file located on the CD-ROM.
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
SITEGRID_ID This is a FIS grid location code. Site grid codes (SSEE-III) give the south (SS) and east (EE) cell number in a 100 x 100 array of m 200 m square cells. The last 3 characters (III) are an instrument identifier.
STATION_ID
The station ID designating the
location of the observations.
OBS_DATE
The date of the observations, in
the format (DD-MMM-YY).
OBS_TIME
The time that the observation was [GMT]
taken in GMT. The format is
(HHMM).
PLOT_NUM
The plot number at the site where
the observations were made.
SAMPLE_TYPE
The information about the *
treatment of the plot where the
data were collected, such as if
the plot was watered or
destructively sampled.
CALC_LAI
The leaf area index as calculated
from the light bar, using the
relationship:
LINE_QUANTM_TRNS_PAR/
LINE_QUANTM_TOT_INCOM_PAR = EXP
(-((0.5/COS(SOLAR_ZEN_ANG))*LAI))
LINE_QUANTM_TOT_INCOM_PAR
The Line Quantum Total Incoming [microEinst]
PAR (Photosynthetically active [meter^-2]
radiation) [Abbreviated LT]. [sec^-1]
LINE_QUANTM_REFL_PAR
The Line Quantum Reflected PAR [microEinst]
(Photosynthetically active [meter^-2]
radiation) [Abbreviated LR]. [sec^-1]
LINE_QUANTM_DIFFUSE_PAR
The Line Quantum Diffuse PAR [microEinst]
(Photosynthetically Active [meter^-2]
Radiation). [sec^-1]
LINE_QUANTM_TRNS_PAR
The Line Quantum PAR [microEinst]
(Photosynthetically active [meter^-2]
radiation) transmitted through the [sec^-1]
canopy [Abbreviated LC].
PAR_REFL_FACTOR
The ratio of the reflected to
total PAR (Photosynthetically
Active Radiation). =
LINE_QUANTM_REFL_PAR /
LINE_QUANTM_TOT_INCOM_PAR.
OBS_NUM
The number of pairs of above and
below canopy observations used in
the calculations.
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE
The FIFE Certification Code for **
the data, in the following format:
CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-???
(CPI - questionable data).
LAST_REVISION_DATE
The last revision date for the
data, in the format (DD-MMM-YY).
Footnotes:
* Decode the SAMPLE_TYPE field as follows:
** Decode the FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE field as follows:
The primary certification codes are:
The certification code modifiers are:
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME PLOT_NUM SAMPLE_TYPE CALC_LAI
----------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ----------- --------
1942-LBK 944 18-JUL-89 1611 13 DS .320
1942-LBK 944 18-JUL-89 1611 13 DS .347
1942-LBK 944 18-JUL-89 1612 14 DS .543
1942-LBK 944 18-JUL-89 1612 14 DS .239
LINE_QUANTM_TOT_INCOM_PAR LINE_QUANTM_REFL_PAR LINE_QUANTM_DIFFUSE_PAR
------------------------- -------------------- -----------------------
.464 .041 .398
.440 .040 .395
.584 .051 .404
.489 .042 .388
LINE_QUANTM_TRNS_PAR PAR_REFL_FACTOR OBS_NUM FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE
-------------------- --------------- ------- ---------------------
.381 .088 1 PRE
.356 .091 2 PRE
.420 .088 1 PRE
.423 .086 2 PRE
LAST_REVISION_DATE
------------------
15-SEP-89
15-SEP-89
15-SEP-89
15-SEP-89
This is point data collected at specific locations within the FIFE study area. Measurements were taken at thirteen stations during FIFE 1989. Measurements were not continuously made but were in discrete measurement periods.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begins with five header records. Header records contain the following information:
Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in the Data Characteristics Section and described in detail in the TDF file. These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
where:
where:
Not applicable.
The calibration coefficients used are listed in the Calibration Section.
Equation 1 is used to convert the LI-COR LI-191SA line quantum sensor voltages to incoming, reflected and transmitted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) [microEinstein] [sec^-1][m^-2]. Equation 3 is used to calculate Leaf Area Index (LAI) from transmitted PAR and total incoming PAR measured with the Line Quantum sensor.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
None.
The LAI measurements are based on assumptions of the distribution of leaves in the canopy. The difference between the actual leaf distribution and these assumptions will create errors. All material in the field of view of the Light Bar included in the LAI calculation. Thus, stems and dead leaves will be part of the LAI. Also, the calculation assumes opaque leaves, leaves generally transmit 10 to 15 % of the PAR wavelengths.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
FIS staff applied a general QA procedure to the data to identify inconsistencies and problems for potential users. As a general procedure, the FIS QA consisted of examining the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for each numerical field in the data table. In some cases, histograms were examined to determine whether outliers were consistent with the shape of the data distribution. Inconsistencies and problems found in the QA check are described is the Known Problems with the Data Section.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below.
The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its online data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps:
Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process.
Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows:
As errors are discovered in the online tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
As of the revision data of this document, the following discrepancies or errors in the data have been reported. Use caution when using the data values described here.
Before using these data the incoming radiation from the AMS station at the site or nearby site should be checked for possible cloud-induced errors.
Not available.
Not available.
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
FIFE data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
Leaf Area Index and PAR Determined from KSU Light Bar Measurements are available on the FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The CD-ROM file name is as follows:
\DATA\SUR_REFL\LTBR_KSU\GRIDxxxx\ydddgrid.LBK
Where xxxx is the four digit code for the location within the FIFE sitegrid. Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that change for each path and file.
The format used for the filenames is: ydddgrid.sfx, where grid is the four-number code for the location within the FIFE sitegrid, y is the last digit of the year (e.g., 7 = 1987, 9 = 1989), and ddd is the day of the year (e.g., 061 = sixty-first day of the year). The filename extension (.sfx), identifies the data set content for the file (see the Data Characteristics Section) and is equal to .LBK for this data set.
LI-COR Terrestrial Radiation Sensors, Type SA Instruction Manual, LI-COR, inc. Lincoln, NE (1986).
Lang, A.R.G. 1986. Leaf area and average leaf angle from transmittance of direct sunlight. Aust. J. Bot. (34) 349-355.
Miller, J.B. 1967. A formula for average foliage density. Aust. J. Bot. (15) 141-144.
Warren Wilson, J. and Reeve, J.E. 1959. Analysis of the spatial distribution of foliage by two-dimensional point quadrats. New Phytol. (58) 92-101.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or online access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at Glossary.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
April 25, 1994 (citation revised on October 16, 2002).
Warning: This document has not been checked for technical or editorial accuracy by the FIFE Information Scientist. There may be inconsistencies with other documents, technical or editorial errors that were inadvertently introduced when the document was compiled or references to preliminary data that were not included on the final CD-ROM.
Previous versions of this document have been reviewed by the Principal Investigator, the person who transmitted the data to FIS, a FIS staff member, or a FIFE scientist generally familiar with the data.
July 22, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_LB_KSU.
Shah, T., and E. T. Kanemasu. 1994. LAI and PAR Data: Light Bar - KSU (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.), Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).
http://daac.ornl.gov/FIFE/Datasets/Surface_Radiation/Light_Bar_KSU.html