The Surface Reflectances Measured by the PARABOLA Data Set contains measurements from the Portable Apparatus or Rapid Acquisitions of Bi-directional Observations of Land and Atmosphere (PARABOLA) instrument. The focus of this research was to characterize the variation in vegetation reflectance as a function of solar and sensor viewing geometry, wavelength, and plant canopy biophysical characteristics. An understanding of these relationships is necessary for meaningful biophysical and ecological interpretations of measurements acquired from airborne and satellite sensors. The PARABOLA is able to measure these variations in reflectance because it measures at different viewing angles and at 3 spectral bands. The data are averaged reflectance factors of the Konza Prairie at different view angles and at 3 wavelength bands throughout the day. PARABOLA measurements were made during each of the 5 FIFE Intensive Field Campaigns from five locations within the FIFE study area.
Parabola Data (FIFE).
(Surface Reflectances Measured by the PARABOLA).
The Surface Reflectances Measured by the PARABOLA Data Set contains measurements from the PARABOLA instrument. The data set contains averaged reflectance factors of the Konza Prairie at different view angles and at 3 wavelength bands throughout the day.
This study had the following objectives:
Radiance, reflectance, and viewing angle.
This data set contains measurements from the Portable Apparatus for Rapid Acquisitions of Bi-directional Observations of Land and Atmosphere (PARABOLA) instrument. The PARABOLA, is an instrument specifically designed to measure variations in vegetation reflectance as a function of solar and sensor viewing geometry, wavelength, and plant canopy biophysical characteristics. The data are averaged reflectance factors of the Konza Prairie at different view angles and at 3 wavelength bands throughout the day. The raw data for each channel and time period were binned by creating 144 conical bins within the spherical space which surrounds the instrument, and then the data points which fall within each bin are averaged. PARABOLA measurements were made during each of the 5 FIFE Intensive Field Campaigns from five locations within the FIFE study area.
PARABOLA_DATA.
Staff Science.
Albedo and Thermal Properties from Multiple Directional Surface Properties.
Contact 1:
Dr. Donald W. Deering
NASA/GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-9186
ddeering@gsfcmail.nasa.gov
Contact 2:
Dr. Elizabeth Middleton
NASA/Goddard Sp. Fl. Ctr.
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-8344
middleton@pldsg3.gsfc.nasa.gov
The Surface Reflectances Measured by the PARABOLA were collected and analyzed by Dr. Donald W. Deering as part of the Surface Radiance and Biology (SRB3) study.
The focus of this research was to characterize the variation in vegetation reflectance as a function of solar and sensor viewing geometry, wavelength, and plant canopy biophysical characteristics. An understanding of these relationships is necessary for meaningful biophysical and ecological interpretations of measurements acquired from airborne and satellite sensors. The PARABOLA is able to measure these variations in reflectance because it measures at different viewing angles and at 3 spectral bands.
Light radiation striking a vegetative canopy interacts with individual phytoelements (leaves, stems, branches) and the underlying substrate. The interaction depends on light quality, radiative form (direct or diffuse), illumination incidence angle, vegetative component optical properties and canopy architecture. Radiation is reflected, transmitted or absorbed. Researchers have shown that phytoelements and substrates are not perfect Lambertian reflectors, i.e., they do not reflect equally in all directions (Walter-Shea et al., 1989; Irons et al., 1989). The amount of leaf area and leaf angle distribution will determine the amount of vegetation and substrate that is sunlit and shaded. The amount of vegetative and substrate and respective amounts of sunlit and shaded components in a scene will vary depending upon the angle at which it is viewed, i.e., the canopy is itself a non-Lambertian surface. Thus, canopy, illumination and viewing geometries are critical in determining the amount of reflected radiation received at the sensor.
Reflected radiation measurements were converted to radiances and reflectance factor (the ratio of reflected radiance to incident radiance). The reflectance factor is the ratio of the target reflected radiant flux to an ideal radiant flux reflected by an ideal Lambertian standard surface irradiated in exactly the same way as the target. Reflected radiation from a field reference panel corrected for non-perfect reflectance and sun angle was used as an estimate of the ideal Lambertian standard surface (Walter-Shea and Biehl 1990).
The basic PARABOLA instrument is a three channel, rotating head radiometer consisting of three primary units - the sensor head, data recording unit, and internal power pack. The sensor head is composed of a motor-driven tow-axis gimbel on which three detector units are jointly mounted. The three detectors include two silicon and one germanium solid state detectors, with filters configured to correspond to Thematic Mapper spectral bands 3, 4, and 5 (630-690, 760-900, and 1550-1750 nm), respectively. They are temperature regulated (by cooling or beating) through thermoelectric proportional control circuits. Also, due to the tremendous range in target brightness that can be expected in scanning a 2 hemisphere field-of-view, and auto-ranging amplifier is used to switch the gain levels back-and-fourth by factors of 1, 10, and 100 to maintain maximum radiometric sensitivity. The detector cones confine the fields-of-view to 15 degree. The two-axis, two motor rotation of the head enables a near-complete sampling of the entire sky/ground sphere. There is a 15 degree exclusion area toward the mounting device due to mechanical limitations.
Ground-based.
The primary mounting device is a lightweight, collapsible boom apparatus, called the Transportable Pickup Mount System or TPMS, whose primary unit consists of an aluminum triangular truss that decouples as four 2m long sections. At the top end resides a detachable, two-axis motorized PARABOLA radiometer mounting and leveling head with a camera mounting attachment. All operations of the PARABOLA/TPMS, except for raising and lowering the boom, are controlled from the PARABOLA data system control panel. For the FIFE experiments, the PARABOLA instrument was attached to a boom supported by a tripod which positioned the radiometer head at 4m above the ground.
Rapid acquisition of bi-directional observations of the land and atmosphere, by measurement of the angular distributions of reflected radiation of natural earth surface targets. Its specific purpose was to provide bi-directional reflectance measurements of the various prairie cover types.
Radiances, reflectance, and viewing angle.
The scan system is designed such that sampling is done in a continuous helical pattern. The data is recorded serially in digital form. There is also a "calibrate"/hold position (mode) that allows manual pointing of the detector head for individual measurements of calibration sources in any direction. In the helical sampling mode a complete data set can be taken in 11 seconds followed by a 35 second data dump to the tape recorder from the buffer. Approximately 50 data sets can be stored on one digital cassette tape.
The PARABOLA design provides multidirectional viewing, but the geometry of the system does not allow the same "spot" on the ground to be measured at each view direction. Thus, target surfaces that are homogeneous over relatively large areas are sampled with replication. A minimum of three complete replicate scans are acquired for each data set using a special boom rotation technique to minimize any within-field heterogeneity effects and improve the sensitivity to angular reflectance features of the surfaces. The 15 degrees sensor IFOV provides "viewing areas" that are quite large relative to the spatial structure of the surfaces measured within the various pixels; ranging from approximately 2 square meters at nadir to approximately 17 square meters at 60 degree off-nadir angle.
Biospheric Sciences Branch
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
LABORATORY CALIBRATION:
Radiometric laboratory calibration of the PARABOLA were performed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center on a 1.8 m spherical integrator employing 12 200-W quartz halogen lamps (2950 K at 6.5 A). The number of lamps illuminating the sphere is varied to produce 12 radiance levels for calibration.
FIELD CALIBRATION:
Radiometric Field Calibration of the PARABOLA were performed using a Barium sulfate painted reference standard panel. The field calibration of each channel on the PARABOLA instrument was necessary for the calculation of reflectance. Calibration measurements were taken at varying sun angles and then averaged.
LABORATORY CALIBRATION:
Three separate calibration runs are made to fully calibrate the PARABOLA at the three gain levels. Neutral density filters (0.1 and 0.01 density levels) are used for the two lowest gain settings. The voltage response to radiance level relationship is linear in all three spectral channels for each gain setting with linear correlation coefficients of 0.999[rE2].
FIELD CALIBRATION:
Not available at this revision.
LABORATORY CALIBRATION:
Calibrations performed after one full year of use and testing (May 1982-May 1983) showed no significant change in voltage output for the same radiance levels, which indicates the stability of the total PARABOLA system.
LABORATORY CALIBRATION:
Laboratory calibrations are made once or twice a year, depending on field experiment schedule.
FIELD CALIBRATION:
Not available at this revision.
FIELD CALIBRATION:
Dr. Deering supplied calibrated radiances for use in reflectance computations. The calibration measurements were done on a Barium sulfate painted reference standard panel. All calibrated radiances where corrected for sun-angle (anisotropy). FIS personnel multiplied the calibrated radiances by 10 to convert the units to [Watt][m^-2][sr^-1][um^-1]. These calibrated radiances are listed in the following table:
OBS_DATE TIME SITEGRID STN SZA CAL_BAND1 CAL_BAND2 CAL_BAND3
--------- ----- -------- ---- ---- --------- --------- ---------
06-JUN-87 1436 1916-PAR 2 50.9 298.39 196.17 44.83
06-JUN-87 1729 1916-PAR 2 20.3 437.89 287.29 66.4
11-JUL-87 1455 2132-PAR 6 48.8 296.78 178.21 45.07
11-JUL-87 2015 2043-PAR 44 27.8 400.87 239.73 61.57
15-AUG-87 1342 2655-PAR 36 67.4 179.89 118.67 27.7
15-AUG-87 1421 2655-PAR 36 59.9 232.95 152.75 35.94
15-AUG-87 1519 2655-PAR 36 48.9 303.5 198.06 46.9
15-AUG-87 1618 2655-PAR 36 38.4 360.68 234.79 55.78
15-AUG-87 1642 2655-PAR 36 34.6 378.54 246.26 58.56
15-AUG-87 1711 2655-PAR 36 30.5 395.96 257.45 61.27
15-AUG-87 1745 2655-PAR 36 26.9 409.62 266.22 63.39
15-AUG-87 1913 2132-PAR 6 26.6 411.92 255.32 64.05
15-AUG-87 2019 2132-PAR 6 34.5 377.25 233.09 58.88
15-AUG-87 2048 2132-PAR 6 39.1 353.45 217.82 55.33
15-AUG-87 2208 2132-PAR 6 53.6 263.04 159.83 41.83
15-AUG-87 2248 2132-PAR 6 61.3 207 123.89 33.47
15-AUG-87 2339 2132-PAR 6 71.2 128.81 73.74 21.8
11-OCT-87 1512 2731-PAR 4 62.1 231.55 145.17 34.24
11-OCT-87 1801 2731-PAR 4 46.1 351.66 223.47 51.04
11-OCT-87 1939 2731-PAR 4 50.2 332.73 215.75 47.74
11-OCT-87 2036 2731-PAR 4 56.8 289.53 188.16 41.92
11-OCT-87 2211 2731-PAR 4 71.7 150.11 98.52 23.11
04-AUG-89 1411 2133-PAR 906 60.2 216 132.75 35.24
04-AUG-89 1638 2133-PAR 906 33.1 372.22 234.37 60.5
04-AUG-89 1812 2133-PAR 906 22.2 412.64 260.66 67.04
04-AUG-89 2303 2133-PAR 906 62.0 199.68 125.03 33.94
08-AUG-89 1302 4439-PAR 916 74.1 112.24 74.23 19.23
08-AUG-89 1339 4439-PAR 916 67.0 167.04 111.01 28.02
08-AUG-89 1423 4439-PAR 916 58.5 228.88 152.52 37.95
08-AUG-89 1503 4439-PAR 916 50.8 280.28 187.02 46.21
08-AUG-89 1548 4439-PAR 916 42.4 330.23 220.55 54.22
08-AUG-89 1640 4439-PAR 916 33.5 375.02 250.61 61.41
Data was acquired from the PARABOLA instrument mounted atop a 4 meter boom. The boom was located within the field site so that the collected data would be representative of the surface being studied. The standard method of data collection was to take measurements in sequence with the movement of the solar principal plane axis. To increase the sampling density, on some occasions measurements were taken with the radiometer boom rotated by + and - 7.5 degrees from the solar principal plane axis. This added two additional scans which were averaged with the solar principle plan scan (see the Data Processing Sequence Section for details).
Not available.
Not available at this revision.
The FIFE study area, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
The PARABOLA data was collected at the following locations:
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID NORTHING EASTING LATITUDE
------------ ---------- --------- ---------- ------------
1916-PAR 2 4330296 708270 39 05 56
2731-PAR 4 4328678 711110 39 05 01
2132-PAR 6 4329774 711336 39 05 36
2655-PAR 36 4328787 716070 39 05 00
2043-PAR 44 4330003 713536 39 05 42
2133-PAR 906 4329726 711604 39 05 34
LONGITUDE ELEVATION
--------- ---------
-96 35 30 340
-96 33 34 446
-96 33 23 405
-96 30 07 367
-96 31 51 415
-96 33 12 443
Not available.
Ranges from 2 square meter at nadir to 5.7 square meter at a 45 degrees off-nadir angle, to 17 square meters at 60 degrees of nadir.
Not available.
Not available.
The overall time period of PARABOLA data acquisition was from June 6, 1987 through October 11, 1987 and on August 4, 1989.
Not available.
Data were collected at intervals during the daylight hours. The PARABOLA measures a 4 pi hemisphere area with 15 degree IFOV sectors in 11 seconds.
The SQL definition for this table is found in the PARABOLA.TDF file located on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1.
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
SITEGRID_ID This is a FIS grid location code. FIS Site grid codes (SSEE-III) give the south (SS) and east (EE) cell number in a 100 x 100 array of 200 m square cells. The last 3 characters (III) are an instrument identifier.
STATION_ID The station ID designating the FIS location of the observations.
OBS_DATE The date of the observations. FIS
OBS_TIME The time of these observations. min = 30, [GMT] FIS max = 2355, missing = -9999
NUM_OBS The number of data points used for the averaged data listed. A negative number means the measurement was shadowed, and data was taken from the opposite side. A zero means interpolated data.
SOLAR_ZEN_ANG The Solar Zenith Angle, which is [degrees] the vertical angle of the sun from zenith. Zero degrees is straight up and 90 degrees is on the horizon.
SOLAR_AZIM_ANG The Solar Azimuth Angle, which is [degrees the horizontal angle of the sun from North] from north. Zero degrees is north and 90 degrees is east.
GEOGRAPH_VIEW_ZEN_ANG This value is the average angle [degrees] FIS from the surface normal (straight up) to the observing instrument. The PARABOLA is looking at GROUND when the angle is 0 to 90 and at SKY when the angle is 90 to 180.
GEOGRAPH_VIEW_AZIM_ANG The average View Azimuth Angle, [degrees FIS which is the horizontal angle of from North] the measurement from north. Zero degrees is north and 90 degrees is east.
HEMIS_ID The type of observation, GROUND FIS or SKY.
BAND1_RADNC The radiance value for band 1 [Watts] (0.65 to 0.67 microns). [meter^-2] [ster^-1] [mic^-1]
BAND2_RADNC The radiance value for band 2 [Watts] (0.81 to 0.84 microns). [meter^-2] [ster^-1] [mic^-1]
BAND3_RADNC The radiance value for band 3 [Watts] (1.62 to 1.69 microns). [meter^-2] [ster^-1] [mic^-1]
BAND1_REFL The reflectance factor for band 1 [percent] FIS (0.65 to 0.67 microns).
BAND2_REFL The reflectance factor for band 2 [percent] FIS (0.81 to 0.84 microns).
BAND3_REFL The reflectance factor for band 3 [percent] FIS (1.62 to 1.69 microns).
BIN_VIEW_ZEN_ANG The View Zenith Angle of bin [degrees] center where the data value was assigned. Bin values range from 0 to 75; use HEMIS_ID to determine which hemisphere the data is in.
BIN_VIEW_AZIM_ANG The View Azimuth Angle of bin [degrees center where the data value was from North] assigned. This value ranges from 0 to 360 degrees, where the sun is at zero and backscatter direction is at 180 degrees.
PRNCPL_PLN_VIEW_ZEN_ANG The average View Zenith Angle of [degrees] the values falling in the bin. Values range from 0 to 90; use HEMIS_ID to determine which hemisphere the data is in.
PRNCPL_PLN_VIEW_AZIM_ANG The average View Azimuth Angle of [degrees the values falling in the bin. from North] Values ranges from 0 to 360 degrees, where the sun is at zero and backscatter direction is at 180 degrees.
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE The FIFE Certification Code for CPI - checked FIS the data, in the following format: by primary CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-??? investigator (CPI - questionable data).
LAST_REVISION_DATE The last revision date for the FIS data, in the format (DD-MMM-YY).
Footnote:
Decode the FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE field as follows:
The primary certification codes are:
The certification code modifiers are:
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME NUM_OBS SOLAR_ZEN_ANG
----------- ---------- --------- -------- ------- -------------
2132-PAR 6 15-AUG-87 2339 2 71.17
2132-PAR 6 15-AUG-87 2339 3 71.17
2132-PAR 6 15-AUG-87 2339 -2 71.17
2132-PAR 6 15-AUG-87 2339 71.17
SOLAR_AZIM_ANG GEOGRAPH_VIEW_ZEN_ANG GEOGRAPH_VIEW_AZIM_ANG HEMIS_ID
-------------- --------------------- ---------------------- --------
273.05 150.00 278.85 SKY
273.05 134.40 280.15 SKY
273.05 119.30 283.05 SKY
273.05 105.00 273.05 SKY
BAND1_RADNC BAND2_RADNC BAND3_RADNC BAND1_REFL BAND2_REFL BAND3_REFL
----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ----------
25.01 11.05 2.32 19.416 14.985 10.642
49.97 22.24 8.77 38.794 30.160 40.229
204.38 86.87 13.07 158.668 117.806 59.954
358.80 151.50 17.38 278.550 205.452 79.725
BIN_VIEW_ZEN_ANG BIN_VIEW_AZIM_ANG PRNCPL_PLN_VIEW_ZEN_ANG
---------------- ----------------- -----------------------
30.00 360.00 30.00
45.00 360.00 45.60
60.00 360.00 60.70
75.00 360.00 75.00
PRNCPL_PLN_VIEW_AZIM_ANG FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE LAST_REVISION_DATE
------------------------ --------------------- ------------------
354.20 CPI 01-APR-92
352.90 CPI 01-APR-92
350.00 CPI 01-APR-92
360.00 CPI 01-APR-92
The overall time period of PARABOLA data acquisition was from June 6, 1987 through October 11, 1987 and on August 4, 1989. Data were collected at intervals during the daylight hours.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begins with five header records. Header records contain the following information:
Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in the Data Characteristics Section and described in detail in the TDF file. These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
The three columns BAND1_REFL, BAND2_REFL, and BAND3_REFL were calculated by FIS personnel. This was done by taking the Barium sulfate painted reference standard panel calibration information supplied by Dr. Deering, and using the following formula:
Where x is channel number and the calibration panel radiances are given in the Other Calibration Information Section.
For more spatially heterogeneous sites three or more (n) complete replicate scans are occasionally acquired by moving the instrument within the site. The replicates are averaged for each viewing angle position to minimize the within-field heterogeneity effects. The average of the n values is taken as the canopy radiance for a particular view direction. Directional reflectances are normally computed as hemispherical-directional reflectance factors using the PARABOLA directional radiance measurements from the ground-looking hemisphere divided by the PARABOLA-derived incidence irradiance as computed from the PARABOLA sky irradiance data or from a calibrated Barium Sulfate painted reference standard panel.
The solar principle plane scan and the two scans which were + and 7.5 degrees (see the Data Acquisition Methods Section) from the solar principle plane are combined in a special program that has been written to analyze the bi-directional reflectance distribution characteristics of the site. This procedure also enables more accurate sampling of the "hot spot" effects and the aureole surrounding the solar disk.
Since the PARABOLA observations are not acquired at equal angles of azimuth and zenith, and since most users prefer the data at equal intervals, this data has been averaged into standard bins.
A data aggregation scheme was established which defines bins of 30 degrees of azimuth and 15 degrees of zenith for each of the sky and ground hemispheres, resulting in (360 / 30) * (90 / 15) bins (i.e., 12 * 6 = 76 bins) per hemisphere. The observed pixels falling in a given bin were averaged to derive the supplied radiance value. The number of pixels used in computing the bin average is contained in the column NUM_OBS. Data gaps resulting from the scanning pattern, shadowing or contamination of the pixel by instrument support equipment or operators, and/or other anomalies are handled as follows.
FIS Processing Steps PARABOLA data:
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
Not available at this revision.
FIS staff applied a general QA procedure to the data to identify inconsistencies and problems for potential users. As a general procedure, the FIS QA consisted of examining the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for each numerical field in the data table. In some cases, histograms were examined to determine whether outliers were consistent with the shape of the data distribution. Inconsistencies and problems found in the QA check are described is the Known Problems with the Data Section.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below.
The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its online data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps:
Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process.
Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows:
As errors are discovered in the online tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
As of the revision data of this document, the following discrepancies or errors in the data have been reported:
Results of the FIS staff quality assessments:
The two sets of readings, listed below, are outside the documented time ranges and are at extreme sun angles.
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME
----------- ---------- ---------- -------------
2731-PAR 4 15-AUG-87 1342 and 2339
The data at 1342 (GMT) and 2339 (GMT) on August 15, 1987 should be used with caution. It was very early and very late in the day. Hence solar zenith angles were high.
Before using the PARABOLA data, it is recommended that Deering and Leone (1986) be read.
Not available at this revision.
This data set can be used to characterize the variation in vegetation reflectance as a function of solar and sensor viewing geometry, wavelength, and plant canopy biophysical characteristics.
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
FIFE data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
The Surface Reflectances Measured by the PARABOLA are available on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The CD-ROM filename is as follows:
\DATA\SUR_REFL\PARABOLA\Yyyyy\ydddgrid.PAR
Where yyyy are the four digits of the century and year (e.g., Y1987 = 1987). Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that change for each path and file.
The format used for the filenames is: ydddgrid.sfx, where grid is the four number code for the location within the FIFE site grid, y is the last digit of the year (e.g. 7 = 1987, and 9 = 1989), and ddd is the day of the year (e.g. 061 = sixty-first day in the year). The filename extension (.sfx), identifies the data set content for the file (see the Data Characteristics Section) and is equal to .PAR for this data set.
Deering, D.W., and P. Leone. 1986. A sphere-scanning radiometer for rapid directional measurements of sky and ground radiance. Remote Sens. Environ. 19:1-24.
Ahmad, S.P., E.M. Middleton and D.W. Deering. 1987. Computation of Diffuse Sky Irradiance from Multidirectional Radiance Measurements. Remote Sens. Environ. 21:185-200.
Deering, D.W., and T.F. Eck. 1987. Atmospheric Optical Depth Effects on Angular Anisotropy of Plant Canopy Reflectance. Int. J. Remote Sens. 8:893-916.
Deering, D.W. 1989. Field Measurements of Bi-directional Reflectance. In: Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 14-65.
Deering, D.W., T.F. Eck and J. Otterman. 1990. Bi-directional Reflectances of Three Desert Surfaces and Their Characterization Through Model Inversion. J. Agric. and Forest Meteorol. 52:71-93.
Deering, D.W., E.M. Middleton, J.R. Irons, B.L. Blad, E.A. Walter-Shea, C.J. Hays, C.W. Walthall, T.F. Eck, S.P. Ahmad, and B.P. Banerjee. 1992. Prairie Grassland Bi-directional Reflectance Measured by Different Instruments at the FIFE Site. 97:18,887-18,903.
Irons, J.R., R.A. Weismiller, and G.W. Peterson. 1989. Soil reflectance In G. Asrar (ed.). Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing. John Wiley & Sons. New York. p.66-106.
Leshkevich, G.A., D.W. Deering, T.F. Eck and S.P. Ahmad. 1990. Diurnal Patterns of the Bi-directional Reflectance of Freshwater Ice. Annals of Glaciol. 14:153-157.
Middleton, E.M., D.W. Deering and S.P. Ahmad. 1987. Surface Anisotropy and Hemispheric Reflectance of Semi-Arid Plant Communities. Remote Sens. Environ. 23:193-212.
Otterman, J., D.W. Deering, and T.F. Eck. 1987. Techniques of Ground- Truth Measurements of Desert-Scrub Structure. Advances in Space Res. 7:153-158.
Shephard, M.K., R.E. Arvidson, E.A. Guinness and D.W. Deering. 1991. Application of Hapke Photometric Model to Lunar Lake Playa Using PARABOLA Bi-directional Reflectance Data. Geophys. Res. Letters 18:2241-2244.
Walter-Shea, E.A., J.M. Norman, and B.L. Blad. 1989. Bi-directional reflectance and transmittance in corn and soybean. Remote Sensing of Environment. 29:161-174.
Walter-Shea, E.A. and L.L. Biehl. 1990. Measuring vegetation spectral properties. Remote Sensing Review. 5:179-205.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or online access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at Glossary.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
May 4, 1994 (citation revised on October 16, 2002).
Warning: This document has not been checked for technical or editorial accuracy by the FIFE Information Scientist. There may be inconsistencies with other documents, technical or editorial errors that were inadvertently introduced when the document was compiled or references to preliminary data that were not included on the final CD-ROM.
Previous versions of this document have been reviewed by the Principal Investigator, the person who transmitted the data to FIS, a FIS staff member, or a FIFE scientist generally familiar with the data.
August 14, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_PARABOLA.
Deering, D. W., and E. Middleton. 1994. PARABOLA Data (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.), Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).
http://daac.ornl.gov/FIFE/Datasets/Surface_Radiation/Parabola_Data.html