The Surface Temperatures, Reflected and Emitted Radiation, and PAR from UNL Data Set contains surface temperatures at different view zenith and azimuth angles, net radiation, incoming and reflected photosynthetically active radiation, incoming and reflected shortwave radiation, and reflected and emitted longwave radiation.
Surface temperatures were measured at a 30 degree view zenith angle with an Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C and at approximately a 60 degree view zenith angle with a Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor at 4 view azimuths (predominantly 90 degree increments from the solar azimuth). The Scheduler also measured air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit. Net radiation was measured with a Radiation and Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometer Model Q*3. Incoming shortwave radiation was measured with a horizontally mounted Eppley Precision Pyranometer Model PSP. Reflected shortwave radiation was measured with two (2) Eppley Precision pyranometers Model PSP usually mounted horizontally (at site 966 (2437-PSP) one PSP was mounted horizontally and the other was inclined parallel to the slope). Reflected and emitted longwave radiation were measured with a horizontally mounted Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer Model PIR.
Surface Radiance Data: UNL (FIFE).
(Surface Temperatures, Reflected and Emitted Radiation, and
PAR from UNL).
The Surface Temperatures, Reflected and Emitted Radiation, and PAR from UNL Data Set contains surface temperatures at different view zenith and azimuth angles, net radiation, incoming and reflected photosynthetically active radiation, incoming and reflected shortwave radiation, and reflected and emitted longwave radiation.
1987:
Surface temperatures were measured at a 30 degree view zenith angle with an Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C and at approximately a 60 degree view zenith angle with a Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor at 4 view azimuths (predominantly 90 degree increments from the solar azimuth). The Scheduler also measured air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit. Net radiation was measured with a Radiation and Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometer Model Q*3. Incoming and reflected shortwave radiation measured with an Eppley Precision Pyranometer Model PSP.
1988:
Surface temperatures were measured at a 30 degree view zenith angle with an Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C and at approximately a 60 degree view zenith angle with a Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor at 4 view azimuths (at 90 degree increments predominantly from the solar azimuth). The Scheduler also measured air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit.
Net radiation was measured with two (2) Radiation and Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometers Model Q*3. Incoming and reflected shortwave radiation were measured with two (2) Eppley Precision Pyranometers Model PSP. Incoming and reflected photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were measured with a LI-COR LI-190SA Quantum sensor.
1989:
Surface temperatures were measured at an approximate 60 degree view zenith angle with a Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor (only at Site 966 (2437-SCN)) at four (4) view azimuths (0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees). The Scheduler also measured air temperature and relative humidity. Net radiation was measured with two (2) Radiation and Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometers Model Q*3 usually mounted horizontally (at site 966 (2437-REB) one REBS was mounted horizontally and the other was inclined parallel to the slope). Incoming shortwave radiation was measured with a horizontally mounted Eppley Precision Pyranometer Model PSP. Reflected shortwave radiation was measured with two (2) Eppley Precision pyranometers Model PSP usually mounted horizontally (at site 966 (2437-PSP) one PSP was mounted horizontally and the other was inclined parallel to the slope). Reflected and emitted longwave radiation were measured with a horizontally mounted Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer Model PIR.
1987:
A spatial sampling at a variety of sites, as well as within each site, was achieved. A number of plots were identified at the sites varying from 8-27 depending on the site. Measurements were typically coordinated with aircraft and/or satellite overpasses.
The Everest Infrared Thermometer (IRT) Model 112C was mounted on a black painted conduit pole at a height of 2.5 m above the soil surface with a constant view zenith angle of 30 degrees. Measurements were taken at four (4) view azimuths at 90 degree increments predominantly from the solar azimuth angle and occasionally from the satellite view azimuth angle.
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was hand-held at an approximate height of 0.9 m above the soil surface at a view zenith angle of 60 degrees. Measurements were taken at four (4) view azimuths at 90 degree increments predominantly from the solar azimuth angle and occasionally from the satellite view azimuth angle.
A Radiation and Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometer and Eppley Precision Pyranometer Model PSP were mounted on an A-frame made from a black-painted conduit at a height of approximately 1 meter above the soil surface. The PSP was mounted on a rotating platform for measurement of the incoming and reflected shortwave radiation.
1988:
A spatial and temporal sampling at site 811 (4439-PAM) were achieved. Four (4) plots were identified at the site. Measurements were occasionally coordinated with satellite overpasses.
The Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C was mounted on a black-painted conduit pole at a height of 2.5 m above the soil surface with a constant view zenith angle of 30 degrees. Measurements were taken at four (4) view azimuths usually in 90 degree increments from the solar azimuth.
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was hand-held at an approximate height of 0.9 m above the soil surface at a view zenith angle of 60 degrees. Measurements were taken at four (4) view azimuths usually in 90 degree increments from the solar azimuth angle.
Two (2) Radiation and Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometers, Eppley Precision Pyranometers Model PSP and LI-COR quantum sensors were mounted on an A-frame made from black-painted conduit at a height of approximately 1 meter above the soil surface. One PSP was mounted facing upward and the other PSP was mounted facing downward to measure incoming and reflected shortwave radiation, respectively. The quantum sensors were mounted the same as the PSPs to measure the incoming and reflected photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).
1989:
A spatial and temporal sampling at sites 906 (2133-REB), 916 (4439-REB), and 966 (2437-REB) were achieved. At sites 906 (2133-REB) and 916 (4439-REB), six (6) plots were identified. One of the 6 plots was a bare soil plot prepared with a weed trimmer that removed the surface vegetation, but left the root systems intact. On days when measurements were not made, the bare soil was covered with a plastic mulch that allowed moisture to penetrate the surface, but hindered the regrowth of the vegetation. Measurements were typically coordinated with aircraft and/or satellite overpasses. At site 966 (2437-REB), sixteen (16) plots were identified. One of these plots was a bare soil plot that was treated in the aforementioned manner.
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was only used at Site 966 (2437-SCN). It was hand-held at an approximate height of 0.9 m above the soil surface at a view zenith angle of 60 degrees. Measurements were taken at two view azimuth angles (180 degree increments from the aspect of the plot).
Two (2) Radiation and Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometers, three (3) Eppley Precision Pyranometers Model PSP, and an Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) were mounted on an A-frame made from black-painted conduit at a height of approximately 1 meter above the soil surface. One PSP was mounted facing upward and the other two PSPs were mounted facing downward to measure the incoming and reflected shortwave radiation, respectively. The PIR was mounted facing downward to measure the reflected and emitted longwave radiation. At sites 906 (2133-REB) and 916 (4439-REB), all of the instruments were mounted horizontally. At site 966 (2437-REB and 2437-PSP), one net radiometer and one downward mounted PSP were inclined parallel to the slope of each plot. The rest of the instruments were mounted horizontally.
SURFACE_RADIANCE_UNL_DATA.
Drs. Blaine L. Blad, and E. A. Walter-Shea
University of Nebraska
Measuring and Modeling Near-Surface Reflected and Emitted Radiation Fluxes at the FIFE Site.
Contact 1:
Cynthia J. Hays
Lincoln, NE
(402)472-6701
Contact 2:
Mark A. Mesarch
Lincoln, NE
(402)472-5904
AGME012@129.93.200.1
Contact 3:
Elizabeth A. Walter-Shea
Lincoln, NE
(402)472-1553
AGME012@129.93.200.1
The Surface Temperatures, Reflected and Emitted Radiation and PAR from UNL data were collected by B.L. Blad, E.A. Walter-Shea, C.J. Hays, and M.A. Mesarch of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Definitions:
Thermal radiant energy (Rb (1 - e) ILWY: sed) of an emitted component (e * a * Ts**4) and a reflected component:
where:
Net Radiation (Rn) is the balance of the shortwave and longwave radiation streams:
where:
Net radiation is the quantity of energy available at Earth's surface to drive processes of photosynthesis, air and soil heating, evaporation, and miscellaneous processes such as respiration. Net radiation varies diurnally, seasonally and spatially. It is positive during the day and reaches its maximum value generally near solar noon. The shortwave component can have a significant effect on the radiation balance.
Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is the difference between saturation vapor pressure and actual vapor pressure.
The Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C and Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor measure a temperature that is equal to:
where:
The Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C has a spectral band-pass of 8-14 microns. The Model 112C dimensions are 25 cm by 75 mm and it weighs 1 kg. The field-of-view is 15 degrees. Serial number 680 was used in 1987, 1988, and 1989.
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor has a spectral band-pass of 8-14 microns. The Scheduler is 18 cm by 22 cm by 19 cm and weighs 3.6 Kg. The field-of-view is 8 degrees. Besides temperature measurements, the scheduler also measures air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit. Serial number 870127 was used for 1987, 1988, and 1989.
The Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP) produces an analog voltage response to scene radiance in the 0.285 - 2.80 micron region. The PSP has a painted cast bronze stand with a white enameled guard disc. In 1987, serial number 25930F3 was used to measure the reflected and incoming shortwave radiation. In 1988, Serial number 26233F3 measured the reflected shortwave radiation and serial number 25930F3 measured the incoming shortwave radiation. In 1989, serial number 26233F3 and serial number 25930F3 measured the reflected shortwave radiation (serial number 25930F3 was inclined parallel to the slope of each plot at site 966 (2437-BBS), otherwise both PSPs were mounted horizontally) and serial number 26234F3 measured the incoming shortwave radiation.
The Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) produces four (4) analog voltage responses that are from: 1) the thermistor embedded in the dome, 2) the thermistor embedded near the thermopile, 3) the thermopile, and 4) the thermopile through a thermistor-battery-resistance circuit. Responses 3 and 4 are in the 4 to 50 micron region. In 1989, serial number 25972F3 measured the reflected and emitted longwave radiation.
The Radiation Energy Balance System (REBS) net radiometer Model Q*3 produces an analog voltage response proportional to the scene radiance. Serial number 86038 or 86042 was used in 1987. Serial number 86038 and serial number 86042 were used in 1988. In 1989, serial number 86042 was always mounted horizontally and serial number 86038 was inclined parallel to the slope of the plot at site 966 (2437-BBS), otherwise it was mounted horizontally.
The LI-COR LI-190SA Quantum sensor measures photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the 0.4 to 0.7 micron waveband and produces an analog voltage response proportional to the scene radiance. In 1987, no quantum sensors were used. In 1988, serial number Q10889 was used to measure the incoming PAR, and serial number Q10890 was used to measure the reflected PAR. In 1989, no quantum sensors were used.
Ground-based.
The Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C was mounted on a black conduit pole 2.5 m above the soil surface. The IRT was mounted at a permanent 30-degree view angle.
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was hand-held at an approximate height of 0.9 m and a view zenith angle of 60 degrees.
The Radiation and Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometers, Eppley Precision Pyranometers, LI-COR 190SA Quantum sensors, and Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer were all mounted on an A-frame. For a description of the instruments mounted in each year, see the Summary of Parameters Section. The A-frame was constructed from conduit and painted flat black. The sensor mounting platforms rotated about the center piece of conduit allowing the sensors to be mounted facing upward or downward.
Not applicable.
Surface temperatures at different view zenith and azimuth angles, net radiation, incoming and reflected photosynthetically active radiation, incoming and reflected shortwave radiation, and reflected and emitted longwave radiation.
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor and Everest infrared thermometers Model 112C measure an integrated emitted and reflected radiation value from a target over their specific field-of-view. This radiation is related to the surface temperature by the Stefan-Boltzmann law. For a further description of the basic principles of infrared thermometry, see Fuchs and Tanner (1966). For the specifics of the aforementioned instruments, see the appropriate instruction manual.
The Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer is comprised of a circular multi-junction Eppley thermopile of the plated (copper-constant) and wirewound type that is temperature compensated. The thermopile receiver is coated with Parsons' black lacquer (nonwavelength-selective absorption). The PSP has a pair of polished concentric hemispheres of Schott clear optical glass (WG7). The WG7 clear glass is transparent from a wavelength of about 0.285 to 2.8 microns (Eppley instruction manual).
The Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) is a modification of the Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer with the glass dome replaced by a silicon hemisphere. A thermistor-battery-resistance circuit has been added to provide compensation for the thermopile temperature (Eppley instruction manual). Two thermistors are embedded, one in the dome and one near the thermopile. The one near the thermopile can be used to temperature correct a direct reading from the thermopile. The two thermistors are also used to provide a temperature correction for differences between the dome and thermopile temperatures. The Eppley PIR is further described in Albrecht and Cox (1977).
The LI-COR LI-190SA quantum sensor is comprised of a silicon photodiode with an enhanced response in the visible wavelength. A visible bandpass interference filter and colored glass filter are mounted in a cosine corrected head. For further information, see the LI-COR radiation sensors instruction manual.
The Radiation Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometer Model Q*3 is designed to measure net radiation. It is comprised of a high output thermopile with 31 junctions of two alloys. The top and bottom thermopile surfaces are painted black and are covered by hemispherical polyethylene windshields that do not require pressurization. For further information, see the REBS net radiometer instruction Manual.
The Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C was mounted on a pole 2.5 m above the soil surface at a constant view zenith angle of 30 degrees. The IRT has a 15-degree field-of-view and viewed an oval spot size with approximate diameters of 0.9 m and 0.7 m and an area of approximately 0.5 m**2.
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was hand-held at an approximate height of 0.9 m and view zenith angle of 60 degrees. The scheduler has a 8-degree field-of-view and viewed an oval spot size with approximate diameters of 0.2 m and 0.6 m and an area of approximately 0.1 m**2.
The Radiation Energy Balance Systems net radiometers, Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers and Infrared Radiometers, and LI-COR 190SA quantum sensors were mounted on an A-Frame. The A-frame was constructed of conduit that was painted flat black. The sensors were mounted at an approximate height of 1 meter above the soil surface. The sensor mounting platforms on the A-frame allowed the sensors to be mounted downward or upward facing. All sensors have an actual or near hemispherical field-of-view.
12 Sheffield Ave.
Newport, RI 02840
(401) 847-1020
LI-COR, Inc.
4421 Superior Street
P.O. Box 4425
Lincoln, NB 68504
(402) 467-3576
Radiation and Energy Balance Systems, Inc. (REBS)
P.O. Box 15512
Seattle, WA 98115-0512
(206) 624-7221
Everest Interscience Inc.
P.O. Box 3640
Fullerton, CA 92634-3640
(714) 992-4461
SCHEDULER PLANT STRESS MONITOR:
Original Manufacturer:
Carborundum Company Instrument Technologies
Standard Oil Engineered Materials Company
6180 Cochran Road
P.O. Box 391316
Solon, OH 44139
(216) 349-6887
Current Manufacturer:
Infrared Industries
10 Higgins Drive
Milford, CT 06460
(407) 823-8745
1987:
A post-season calibration was performed on the Radiation Energy Balance System (REBS) net radiometers and Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers (PSP) using an Eppley Normal-Incidence Pyrheliometer (NIP) serial number 19791E6. The calibration procedure is described in Iqbal (1983).
A post-season calibration was performed on the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor. The procedure is the same as for the Everest multiplexed infrared thermometer Model 4000 described in Blad et al., 1990. Daily stability checks were made using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source. Air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit sensors and calculations were not calibrated.
A pre-season adjustment and a post-season calibration were performed on the Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C. The calibration procedure is the same as for the Everest multiplexed infrared thermometer Model 4000 described in Blad et al., 1990. Daily stability checks were made using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source. The adjustment was performed by personnel at the USDA - ARS Water Conservation Laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona.
1988:
The 1987 post-season calibration was performed on the Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C was assumed valid. Daily stability checks were made using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source.
The 1987 post-season calibration on the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was assumed valid. Daily stability checks were made using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source.
The 1987 post-season calibrations performed on the Radiation Energy Balance System (REBS) net radiometers and Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers were assumed valid.
A pre-season calibration was performed on the LI-COR 190SA quantum sensors by LI-COR. See the LI-COR radiation instrument manual for specifics.
1989:
A mid-season calibration was performed on the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor. The procedure is the same as described in Blad et al., 1990 for the Everest multiplexed infrared thermometer Model 4000. Daily stability checks were made using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source. Air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit sensors and calculations were not calibrated.
A pre-season adjustment was performed on the Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112 by personnel at the USDA-ARS Water Conservation Laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona.
A post-season calibration was performed on the Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers (PSP). The calibration was performed using a standard PSP (i.e., originally calibrated by Eppley and never used in the field.) The PSPs were mounted near each other and data were recorded every 5 minutes. A linear regression was performed on these data to obtain the new calibration coefficients.
A pre-season calibration was performed on the Eppley Infrared Radiometer by Eppley. See Eppley's instruction manual for specifics.
A post-season calibration was performed on the Radiation Energy Balance System (REBS) net radiometers by REBS. See REBS instruction manual for specifics.
An attempt was made to calibrate the Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) for differences in the dome thermistor temperature and the thermopile thermistor temperature using the procedure of Albrecht and Cox (1977). Due to equipment and laboratory limitations, the calibration constant obtained was erroneous. Smith (1988) suggested that a calibration constant of k=5 (used in equations 6 and 7, see the Formulae Section) for this correction is acceptable.
The polyethylene windshields on the Radiation Energy Balance System (REBS) net radiometers need to be cleaned periodically and replaced every year or when scratches or cloudiness was noticed. Desiccant in the support arm needs to be checked weekly to prevent condensation on the inside of the dome. Condensation and/or damage to the windshield will change the calibration results.
The Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers and Infrared Radiometer hemispheres also need to be cleaned periodically. These instruments also have desiccant that should be checked. Changes to the hemispheres will affect the calibration results.
The LI-COR LI-190SA quantum sensor must also be kept clean to maintain calibration results.
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor instruction manual specifications are:
When the calibration derived coefficients are applied to the calibration data set (i.e., not an independent data set) comparisons of the corrected instrument reading to the blackbody source temperature show that the mean bias errors ranged from 0.0 to 0.1 degree C and the mean relative errors ranged from -1.0 to 0.7 % over the 3 years.
The Everest infrared thermometer Model 112C specifications are an accuracy of +/- 0.5 degree C and a resolution of 0.1 degree C.
When the calibration-derived coefficients are applied to the calibration data set (i.e., not an independent data set) or after the instrument was adjusted, comparisons of the corrected instrument reading to the blackbody source temperature show that the mean bias errors ranged from 0.4 to 0.0 degree C and the mean relative errors ranged from -0.2 to 0.2 % over the 3 years.
The Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers output is accurate to 1% over a -20 to 40 degree C range (Tanner 1990).
The Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometers accuracy is theoretically 5 % (Albrecht and Cox 1977).
The LI-COR 190SA Quantum sensor absolute calibration is within +/- 5% (usually with +/- 3% under most sky conditions. It is cosine corrected up to 80 degree angle of incidence.
The Radiation Energy Balance Systems net radiometer Model Q*3 accuracy is +/- 5% (Fritschen 1991).
1987:
A post-season calibration was performed on the Radiation Energy Balance System (REBS) net radiometers and Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers (PSP) using an Eppley Normal-Incidence Pyrheliometer (NIP) serial number 19791E6.
A post-season calibration was performed on the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor. Daily stability checks were made using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source. Air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit sensors and calculations were not calibrated.
A pre-season adjustment and a post-season calibration were performed on the Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C. Daily stability checks were made using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source.
1988:
Daily stability checks were made on the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source.
Daily stability checks were made on the Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112 using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source.
No calibrations were performed on the Radiation Energy Balance System (REBS) net radiometers and Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers.
A pre-season calibration was performed on the LI-COR 190SA quantum sensors by LI-COR.
1989:
A mid-season calibration was performed on the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor. Daily stability checks were made using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source. Air temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit sensors, and calculations were not calibrated.
A pre-season calibration/adjustment was performed on the Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C. Daily stability checks were made using an Everest Model 1000 calibration source.
A post-season calibration was performed on the Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers (PSP).
A pre-season calibration was performed on the Eppley Infrared Radiometer by Eppley.
A post-season calibration was performed on the Radiation Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometers by REBS.
The calibration coefficients for the Eppley precision spectral pyranometers were always within +/- 3 % of the original coefficients. Thus, the original coefficients were used for data reduction in 1987, 1988, and 1989. In 1987, the manufacturer's coefficients from 1987 were used for the REBS net radiometers rather than the post-season coefficients. The post-season calibration coefficients were used in 1988. In 1989, the post-season calibration coefficients were used.
When the calibration derived coefficients for the Everest infrared thermometer Model 112c and Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor are applied to the calibration data set (i.e., not an independent data set) comparisons of the corrected instrument reading to the blackbody source temperature show that the mean bias errors ranged from -0.2 to 0.1 degree C and the mean relative errors ranged from -1.0 to 3.9 % over the 3 years for the three different instruments. When calibration-derived coefficients were not applied to the same data set comparisons to the blackbody source show that the mean bias errors ranged from -0.8 to 1.0 degree C and the mean relative errors ranged from -3.2 to 23.0 %.
Calibration Coefficients
1987:
1988:
1989:
1987:
The Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C was mounted at a constant view zenith angle of 30 degrees at a height of 2.5 m above the soil surface on a staff constructed of conduit painted flat black. The IRT was checked against the Everest Calibration Source Model 1000. The staff was then positioned at the edge of the plot at the desired view azimuth angle (i.e., 90 degree increments from the solar or satellite view azimuth angle). The IRT viewed the center of the plot at each view azimuth angle. One measurement was recorded at the view azimuth angle. The staff was then moved to the next view azimuth angle (90 degrees from the prior view azimuth angle) and a measurement was recorded. This procedure was repeated for a total of 12 measurements (i.e., 3 replications at 4 view azimuth angles). The staff was then moved to the next plot and the above procedure repeated until the end of the measurement period. At the end of the measurement period, the IRT was checked against the Everest Calibration Source.
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was hand-held at an approximate view zenith angle of 60 degrees at an approximate height of 0.9 m above the soil surface. The same procedure was followed as with the Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C except that at each view azimuth angle the mean and standard deviation of three measurements of the surface temperature were recorded. Only the means were recorded for air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit.
An Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer Model PSP and a Radiation Energy Balance System net radiometer were mounted approximately 1 meter above the soil surface on an A-frame constructed from conduit painted flat black. The A-frame was positioned within the plot and aligned normal to the solar principal plane with the net radiometer viewing the center of the plot. Measurements from the net radiometer and the PSP mounted upright were recorded. The PSP was inverted and a measurement was recorded with the PSP viewing the center of the plot. The A-frame was then moved into the next plot. This procedure was then repeated until the end of the measurement period.
1988:
The Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C was mounted on 2.5 meter mast. Staff followed the same procedure as in 1987 except that three measurements were recorded at each view azimuth angle before moving to the next view azimuth angle. The same number of measurements were taken, but this procedure minimized the traffic around the plot (i.e., only one trip around the plot rather then the three made in 1987).
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor also followed the same procedure as described in 1987, except that three separate measurements of surface temperature relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit were made at each view zenith angle (in 1987, these three measurements were averaged).
The number of sensors on the A-frame was changed but the same procedure as in 1987 was followed. The A-frame had two Radiation Energy Balance System net radiometers, two Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers (PSPs) and two LI-COR 190SA Quantum sensors. One of the PSP and Quantum sensors was mounted facing upright and the others were inverted.
1989:
The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was only in operation at site 966 (2437-SCN) on June 15 and August 13. Measurements were made at two view azimuth angles in the aspect plane of the plot. The number of replications at each view azimuth angle varied from 1 to 3. Only measurements of surface temperature, air temperature, and relative humidity were recorded. Unless otherwise noted, the same procedure as in 1987 and 1988 was followed.
The A-frame had two Radiation Energy Balance System net radiometers, three Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers (PSPs), and an Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) mounted on it. Two of the Eppley PSPs and the PIR sensor were inverted. One to six replications were recorded at various locations within each plot. At site 966 (2437-BBS), one net radiometer and inverted PSP were inclined parallel to the slope of the plot. The other instruments were mounted horizontally. Also at site 966 (2437-REB), the A-frame was aligned normal to the aspect of the plot. At plot 999, the A-frame was aligned in a north-south plane. At sites 906 (2133-REB) and 916 (4439-REB), all of the sensors were mounted horizontally and the A-frame was aligned normal to the solar principal plane. Unless otherwise noted, the same procedure as in 1987 and 1988 was followed.
All view zenith angles were measured with respect to gravity not in relation to the slope of the plot.
Not available.
1987:
The Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C, Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor and A-frame instruments (Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer and Radiation Energy Balance System net radiometer) were used on the following dates and approximate times unless noted below.
1988 (all data collected at Station 811 (sitegrid 4439)):
The Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C, Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor and A-frame instruments (Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers, Radiation Energy Balance System net radiometers and LI-COR 190SA Quantum sensors) were used on the following dates and approximate time unless noted below.
1989:
The A-frame instruments (Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers and Precision Infrared Radiometer and Radiation Energy Balance Systems net radiometers) were used on the following dates and approximate times. The Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was only used on June 15, July 14, and August 8.
The FIFE study area, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
These data were collected at the following 14 locations within the FIFE study area.
SITEGRID STN NORTHING EASTING LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEV
-------- --- -------- ------- -------- --------- ----
0847-IRN 29 4332344 714439 39 06 57 -96 31 11 418
1246-IRN 40 4331666 714212 39 06 35 -96 31 21 365
1445-PSP 42 4331160 714090 39 06 19 -96 31 27 400
1916-IRN 70 4330296 708263 39 05 56 -96 35 30 340
2123-IRN 5 4329866 709506 39 05 41 -96 34 39 405
2133-REB 906 4329726 711604 39 05 34 -96 33 12 443
2437-REB 966 4329150 712375 39 05 15 -96 32 41
3129-IRN 8 4327702 710711 39 04 30 -96 33 51 430
4268-IRN 32 4325626 718579 39 03 15 -96 28 27 445
4439-IRN 18 4325218 712792 39 03 07 -96 32 28 445
4439-REB 811 4325219 712795 39 03 07 -96 32 27 445
4439-REB 916 4325193 712773 39 03 06 -96 32 28 443
6943-IRN 28 4320147 713500 39 00 22 -96 32 04 415
8739-IRN 26 4316699 712845 38 58 31 -96 32 35 442
SITEGRID SLOPE ASPECT
-------- ----- ------
0847-IRN
1246-IRN
1445-PSP
1916-IRN
2123-IEN
2133-REB 1 TOP
2437-REB
3129-IRN
4268-IRN
4439-IRN
4439-REB 2 N
4439-REB 2 N
6943-IRN
8739-IRN
In 1987 and 1988 measurement plots generally encircled the AMS station located at that site. In 1989 measurement plots were located northeast of the Wind Aligned Blob (WAB) site (Sellers et al., 1989). Topography files containing the northing and easting of the plots at each station, except for station 18 (SITEGRID_ID=4439-IRN) in 1987 and station 966 (SITEGRID_ID=2437-REB) in 1989, are available in the GRABBAG section of FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1 in the UNL directory, in files UNL_PLOT.T87, UNL_PLOT.T88, UNL_PLOT.T89. These files also include the slope, aspect, soil depth, species and vegetative height of the plots.
Not available.
The surface area viewed by the Everest Infrared Thermometer Model 112C was an oval with diameters of approximately 0.7 m and 0.9 m, and an approximate area of 0.5 [m^2]. The surface area viewed by the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor was an oval with diameters of approximately 0.2 meters and 0.6 meters and an approximate area of 0.1 [m^2]. The sensors on the A-frame (Radiation Energy Balance net radiometers, Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometers and Precision Infrared Radiometer, and LI-COR 190SA Quantum sensors) have an actual or near hemispherical field-of-view. The plot size was approximately 3 meters x 3 meters.
Not available.
Not available.
Measurements were made from May 30, 1987 through August 11, 1989. During this period measurements were collected on 49 days during the growing season. The dates of data collection follow:
OBS_DATE OBS_DATE OBS_DATE
--------- --------- ---------
30-MAY-87 10-AUG-87 28-JUN-88
31-MAY-87 11-AUG-87 12-JUL-88
01-JUN-87 15-AUG-87 13-JUL-88
03-JUN-87 16-AUG-87 11-AUG-88
04-JUN-87 17-AUG-87 15-JUN-89
05-JUN-87 19-AUG-87 14-JUL-89
06-JUN-87 20-AUG-87 26-JUL-89
16-JUN-87 06-OCT-87 27-JUL-89
26-JUN-87 07-OCT-87 28-JUL-89
01-JUL-87 09-OCT-87 04-AUG-89
06-JUL-87 11-OCT-87 06-AUG-89
10-JUL-87 12-OCT-87 07-AUG-89
11-JUL-87 13-OCT-87 08-AUG-89
14-JUL-87 24-MAY-88 09-AUG-89
15-JUL-87 25-MAY-88 10-AUG-89
07-AUG-87 27-MAY-88 11-AUG-89
In 1987 and 1988, measurements of all the plots at a site required 1 hour.
In 1987, measurements at a site were usually coordinated with aircraft and satellite overpasses.
In 1988, measurements at a site were occasionally coordinated with satellite overpasses.
In 1989, measurements on all the plot at sites 906 (2133-REB) and 916 (4439-REB) required 30 minutes or less and were coordinated with aircraft and satellite overpasses. Measurements of all the plots at site 966 (2437-REB and 2437-SCN) required 2 to 3 hours.
The measurement time ranged from 1351 to 2200 GMT. Measurements were not continuously made over this range, but were in discrete measurement periods depending on the number of plots in a site and coordination with aircraft and satellite overpasses.
In 1987, data were generally obtained at various sites during a day, hence a lot of time was spent moving and resetting equipment.
In 1988, data were obtained at site 811 (4439-REB). A maximum of five (5) discrete measurement periods throughout the day were obtained.
In 1989, data were obtained at only one site per day. A maximum of five (5) discrete measurement periods throughout the day were obtained.
Not available.
The optimum time interval between plot measurements was approximately 5 minutes. The typical time interval between plots was approximately 10 minutes. The time interval depended on the distance between the plots, the terrain, and sky conditions.
The SQL definition for this table is found in the SURF_RAD.TDF file located on the FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1.
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
SITEGRID_ID This is a FIS grid location code. Site grid codes (SSEE-III) give the south (SS) and the east (EE) cell number in a 100 x 100 array of 200 m square cells. The last 3 characters (III) are an instrument identifier.
STATION_ID The station ID designating the location of the observations.
OBS_DATE The date of the observations, in the format (DD-mmm-YY).
OBS_TIME The time that the observation was taken in GMT. The format is (HHMM).
PLOT_NUM The sample plot number at the FIFE site. Plot 999 is a bare soil plot.
INSTR_ID # The type of instrument used to collect the data.
SLOPE For plots on a hillside, the [degrees] slope of the plot
ASPECT For plots on a hillside, the [degrees aspect direction of the plot, 0 is from North] North, 90 is East
VIEW_AZIM_ANG The direction of the observation. [degrees from North]
SHORTWAVE_RADTN_DOWN The downward (incoming) shortwave [Watts] radiation (0.285-2.800 microns). [meter^-2]
SHORTWAVE_RADTN_REFL_1 The reflected shortwave radiation [Watts] (0.285-2.800 microns). This sensor [meter^-2] always has a nadir view.
SHORTWAVE_RADTN_REFL_2 The reflected shortwave radiation [Watts] (0.285-2.800 microns). For hill [meter^-2] side plots this sensor views perpendicular to the slope of the plot.
ALBEDO_1 The albedo calculated as the ratio of reflected to downwelling shortwave radiation from the nadir viewing instruments.
ALBEDO_2 The albedo calculated as the ratio of reflected to downwelling shortwave radiation. For hill side plots the reflected radiation is from the sensor viewing perpendicular to the slope of the plot.
NET_RADTN_1 The net radiation. [Watts] [meter^-2]
NET_RADTN_2 The net radiation, from a second [Watts] net radiometer, if present. [meter^-2]
IR_TEMP The infrared temperature [degrees (8.0-14.0 microns) of the Celsius] vegetation canopy.
SURFACE_TEMP The plant temperature measured by [degrees the Scheduler Plant Stress Celsius] Monitor.
SURFACE_TEMP_SDEV The standard deviation of the [degrees uncorrected surface temperature. Celsius]
AIR_TEMP The air temperature. [degrees Celsius]
REL_HUMID The percent relative humidity. [percent]
VAPOR_PRESS_DEFICIT The vapor pressure deficit. [kiloPascals]
EMIT_LONGWAVE_RADTN_1 The emitted longwave radiation (4 [Watts] to 50 microns) from a direct [meter^-2] reading of the thermopile.
EMIT_LONGWAVE_RADTN_2 The emitted longwave radiation (4 [Watts] to 50 microns) from a thermopile [meter^-2] reading through the thermistor- battery-resistance circuit.
THERMOPILE_CASE_TEMP The case temperature of the [degrees Eppley Precision Infrared Celsius] Radiometer.
THERMOPILE_DOME_TEMP The dome temperature of the [degrees Eppley Precision Infrared Celsius] Radiometer.
PAR_DOWN The downwelling [micro photosynthetically active Einsteins] radiation (0.4 to 0.7 microns). [second^-1] [meter^-2]
PAR_REFL The reflected photosynthetically [micro active radiation (0.4 to 0.7 Einsteins] microns). [second^-1] [meter^-2]
FRACTION_REFL_PAR The fraction photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (0.4 to 0.7 microns) reflected from the surface, calculated as the ratio of reflected to downwelling PAR.
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE * The FIFE Certification Code for the data, in the following format: CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-??? (CPI - questionable data).
LAST_REVISION_DATE The last revision date for the data, in the format (DD-mmm-YY).
Footnotes:
# Decode the INSTR_ID field as follows:
Decode the FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE field as follows:
The primary certification codes are:
The certification code modifiers are:
SITEGRID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME PLOT_NUM INSTR_ID
--------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ------------
6943-PSP 28 30-MAY-87 1554 1 PSP
4439-PSP 18 31-MAY-87 1455 3 PSP
8739-PSP 26 01-JUN-87 1708 1 PSP
1246-SCN 40 03-JUN-87 2023 1 SCHED
3129-SCN 8 04-JUN-87 1490 3 SCHED
OBS_DIR SHORTWAVE_RADTN_DOWN SHORTWAVE_RADTN_REFL ALBEDO NET_RADTN
---------- -------------------- -------------------- ------- ----------
950 160 .168 456.75
626.01 133.64 .213 399.58
1046.74 182.93 .175 693.15
244.7
190.7
IR_TEMP SURFACE_TEMP SURFACE_TEMP_SDEV AIR_TEMP REL_HUMID
---------- ------------ ----------------- ---------- ----------
25.3 .53 24.8 30
21.8 .05 23 43
VAPOR_PRESS_DEFICIT FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE LAST_REVISION_DATE
------------------- --------------------- ------------------
CPI 08-MAR-89
CPI 08-MAR-89
CPI 08-MAR-89
2.17 CPI 09-MAR-89
1.58 CPI 09-MAR-89
These data were collected at the following 14 locations within the FIFE study area. The plot size was approximately 3 m x 3 m. The typical time interval between plots was approximately 10 minutes. The time interval depended on the distance between the plots, the terrain, and sky conditions.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begins with five header records. Header records contain the following information:
Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in the Data Characteristics Section and described in detail in the TDF file. These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
EPPLEY PRECISION SPECTRAL PYRANOMETER MODEL PSP
where: where:RADIATION ENERGY BALANCE SYSTEM NET RADIOMETER MODEL Q*3
where:LI-COR LI-190SA QUANTUM SENSORS
where: where:EPPLEY PRECISION INFRARED RADIOMETER MODEL PIR
where: where:SCHEDULAR PLANT STRESS MONITOR, EVEREST INFRARED THERMOMETERS MODEL 112C.
where: where:SURFACE TEMPERATURE CALCULATIONS
The surface temperature was calculated using the calibration corrected temperature measurement, incoming longwave radiation (ILW) and surface emissivity values (Eq. 9). Values for incoming longwave radiation were calculated for each Barnes Model 12-1000 Modular Multiband Radiometer (MMR) data record.
where:The equation is valid for clear daytime conditions (Deacon 1970). These values were averaged over the measurement period at a specific site. See the Incoming Longwave Radiation Data from UNL for these data.
Surface emissivity measurements were made under completely overcast sky conditions or at night and not in conjunction with the measurements made in this data set. An Everest infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 112C measured the temperature of the surface (Tu) and the temperature of the surface covered by an aluminum tent (Ta). The incoming longwave radiation under these conditions was determined using an IRT temperature measurement of an aluminum plate (t) of known emissivity (ep) and a thermocouple temperature of the plate (Tp).
The incoming longwave at the time of the surface emissivity measurement was calculated as:
where: where:Emissivity measurements were made over a sampling of the plots at a specific site during each IFC period in 1987. The emissivity is calculated as:
where:Emissivity values were averaged at each site by IFC for calculation of true surface temperatures. The following is a listing of the emissivity values used in 1987.
Emissivity measurements were made over a sampling of plots at site 811(4439-PAM) close to days of measurements for this data set in 1988. The measurements were averaged per site for the specific days listed. The following is a listing of the emissivity values used in 1988.
Emissivity measurements were made over a sampling of plots at Sites 906 (2133-ECA), 916 (4439-ECV), and 966 (2437-BBS) close to days of the measurements for this data set in 1989. The values were averaged per site for specific days for the canopy and bare soil. The following are the emissivity values used in 1989:
The calibration coefficients used in equations 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 are listed in the Other Calibration Information Section.
Instruments on A-frame:
Equation 1 is used to convert the upright and inverted Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer voltages to incoming and reflected shortwave radiation (W/m**2), respectively. Equation 2 is used to calculate albedo.
Equation 3 is used to convert the Radiation Energy Balance Systems net radiometer voltages to net radiation (W/m**2).
Equation 4 is used to convert the upright and inverted LI-COR 190SA Quantum sensor voltages to incoming and reflected photosynthetically active radiation (uE/s/m**2). Equation 5 is used to calculate the ratio of reflected to incoming photosynthetically active radiation.
Equation 6 and 7 are used to convert the inverted Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer voltages to reflected and emitted longwave radiation (W/m**2). Equation 6 is the preferred method since it eliminates any fluctuations from the battery in the thermistor-battery-resistance circuit. Both methods were used for comparison purposes.
SURFACE TEMPERATURE CALCULATIONS
The Everest Infrared Thermometers Model 112C and the Scheduler Plant Stress Monitor surface temperature measurements all used the following reduction method.
Equation 8 is used to correct the temperature measurement of the instrument using calibration-derived coefficients (Blad et al., 1990).
The calibration corrected temperature measurement of the instrument, incoming longwave radiation and surface emissivity values are used to calculate surface temperature using Equation 9 (Blad et al., 1976).
Not available at this revision.
None.
None.
Errors associated with the measurements can occur due to orientation of the platforms. The Scheduler plant stress monitor was hand-held causing a view zenith angle variation of +/- 10 degrees. The view azimuth angle for all platforms could only be measured to +/- 10 degrees.
The A-frame was kept at a constant height above the soil surface so that the target spot size may vary depending on canopy height.
With all of the platforms shadowing is another source of error. The A-frame had several instruments mounted on it with varying configuration in each year. An experiment was performed to estimate the error caused by shadowing for the reflected shortwave radiation measured by the Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP). Average relative errors from shadowing were found be: 1) -4.0% in 1987; 2) -5.7% in 1988; 3) -5.7% in 1989 for the inverted PSP always mounted horizontally; and 4) -7.5% in 1989 for the inverted PSP inclined parallel with the slope of the individual plot at station 966 (sitegrid 2437). This experiment is described in Starks et al. (1991) for the configurations of 1987 and 1988. The configuration of 1989 was also tested in this experiment.
Variable cloud cover could be an error source if comparing measurements from the various plots within a measurement period.
Not available at this revision.
On days with variable cloud conditions the data should be used with caution. The AMS incoming solar radiation data at the site or nearby site should be consulted.
On clear days the measurements fall within the precision of the instrument and errors that were discussed in previous sections.
No quantitative assessment was made, see the Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment Section.
FIS staff applied a general Quality Assessment (QA) procedure to the data to identify inconsistencies and problems for potential users. As a general procedure, the FIS QA consisted of examining the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for each numerical field in the data table. An attempt was made to find an explanation for unexpected high or low values, values outside of the normal physical range for a variable, or standard deviations that appeared inconsistent with the mean. In some cases, histog-rams were examined to determine whether outliers were consistent with the shape of the data distribution.
The discrepancies, which were identified, are reported as problems in the Known Problems with the Data Section.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below.
The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its online data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps:
Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process.
Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows:
As errors are discovered in the online tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
As part of the FIS general QA of this data set the following discrepancies or errors in the data have been found at the specified location and date:
Parameter Stn Date Problem
--------------------------- ----- --------- --------------------
SHORTWAVE_RADTN_DOWN 26 1-JUL-87 35.14 LOW *
70 19-AUG-87 129.87 LOW
40 9-OCT-87 105.5 LOW
SHORTWAVE_RADTN_REFL_1
or SHORTWAVE_RADTN_REFL_2 70 9-AUG-87 789.25 HIGH +
ALBEDO 18 30-MAY-87 0.861 HIGH
26 1-JUL-87 1.011 HIGH
70 19-AUG87 2 values > 0.991
40 9-OCT-87 1.001 HIGH
NET_RADTN_1 or NET_RADTN_1 18 30-MAY-87 65.81 LOW
IR_TEMP 32 13-OCT-87 3.35 LOW
SURFACE_TEMP 32 13-OCT-87 0.3 LOW
AIR_TEMP 32 13-OCT-87 0 LOW
REL_HUMID 32 13-OCT-87 0 LOW
29 16-AUG-87 2 LOW
42 20-AUG-87 4 values = 2 LOW
VAPOR_PRESS_DEFICIT 32 13-OCT-87 0 LOW
29 16-AUG-87 5.11 HIGH
42 20-AUG-87 4 values = or > 4.84
Footnotes:
1987:
Occasionally instruments malfunctioned. When this occurred, the erroneous temperature data were assigned values of 99.99. There are some errors in the observation times reported in the A-frame data and will effect the shortwave, net radiation, PAR and longwave parameters. They are:
The following A-frame data are erroneous:
1988:
Occasionally instruments malfunctioned. When this occurred, the erroneous temperature data were assigned values of 99.99. The erroneous data from the A-frame instruments (shortwave, net radiometer, PAR and longwave parameter) were assigned values of 0.0.
1989:
Occasionally instruments malfunctioned. When this occurred, the erroneous temperature data were assigned values of 99.99. The erroneous data from the A-frame instruments were assigned values of 9999.99.
Before using these data, the incoming radiation from the AMS station at the site or nearby site should be checked for possible cloud-induced errors.
None.
This data set can be used to characterize bi-directional reflectance factor distributions in the solar principal plane for a tall grass prairie; estimate surface albedo from bi-directional reflectance factor and radiance data; determine the variability of reflected and emitted fluxes in selected spectral wavebands as a function of topography, vegetative community, and management practice; determine the influence of plant water status on surface reflectance factors; and determine Sun angle effects on radiation fluxes.
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. Data is also available via the World Wide Web at http://daac.ornl.gov.
FIFE data are available from the ORNL DAAC. Please contact the ORNL DAAC User Services Office for the most current information about these data.
The Surface Temperatures, Reflected and Emitted Radiation, and PAR from UNL data are available on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1. The CD-ROM filename is as follows:
\DATA\SUR_REFL\UNL_SURF\GRIDxxxx\Yyyyy\ydddgrid.SRU
Where xxxx is the four digit code for the location within the FIFE site grid, yyyy are the four digits of the century and year (e.g., Y1987 = 1987). Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that change for each path and file.
The format used for the filenames is: ydddgrid.sfx, where grid is the four-number code for the location within the FIFE site grid, y is the last digit of the year (e.g., 7=1987, and 9 = 1989), and ddd is the day of the year (e.g., 061 = sixty-first day in the year). The filename extension (.sfx), identifies the data set content for the file (see the Data Characteristics Section) and is equal to .SRU for this data set.
Anonymous. 1986. LI-COR Terrestrial Radiation Sensors. Type SA Instruction Manual. LI-COR. Inc. Lincoln, NE (1986).
Anonymous. Instrumentation for the measurement of the components of solar and terrestrial radiation. The Eppley Laboratory, Inc. Newport, R.I.
Anonymous. 1987. Net Radiometer (Q*3) Instruction Manual. Radiation and Energy Balance Systems, Inc. (REBS). Seattle, WA (1987).
Anonymous. 1986. Model 112C infrared Thermometer operating manual. Everest Interscience, Inc. Fullerton, CA (1986).
Anonymous. 1987. Plant Stress Monitor Owner's Manual. Standard Oil Engineered Materials Company. Solon, OH 44139 (1987).
Albrecht, B. and S.K. Cox. 1977. Procedures for improving pyrgeometer performance. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 16:188-197
Blad, B.L. and J.J. Rosenberg. 1976. Measurement of crop temperature by leaf thermocouple, infrared thermometry and remotely sensed thermal imagery. Agronomy Journal. 68:635-641.
Blad, B.L., E.A. Walter Shea, C.J. Hays, and M.A. Mesarch. 1990.
Calibration of field reference panel and radiometers used in FIFE 1989. AgMet Progress Report 90-3. Department of Agricultural Meteorology. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Lincoln, Nebraska. 68583-0728.
Conaway, J. and C.H.M. van Bavel. 1966. Remote measurement of surface temperature and its application to energy balance and evaporation studies of bare soil surfaces. U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory. Research Report.
Anonymous. No. 392. Interim report to USAE Com. Atmos. Sci. Lab. Fort Hauchuca, Ariz. 136 pp.
Deacon, E.L. 1970. The derivation of Swinbank's longwave radiation formula. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 96:313-319.
Fritschen, L. 1991. Personal Communication. University of Washington. Seattle, WA. 98195.
Fuchs, M. and C.B. Tanner. 1966. Infrared thermometry of vegetation. Agronomy Journal. 58:5976-601.
Iqbal, M. 1983. An introduction to solar Radiation. Academic Press: Toronto, Canada. 390 pp.
Sellers, P.J. and F.G. Hall. 1989. FIFE-89 Experiment Plan. GSFC/NASA. Greenbelt, MD 20771
Smith, E. 1988. personal communication. Department of Meteorology. Florida State University. Tallahassee, Florida.
Starks, P.J., J.M. Norman, B.L. Blad, E.A. Walter Shea, C.L. Walthall. 1991. Calculation of shortwave hemispherical reflectance (albedo) from bi-directional remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment. (accepted).
Tanner, B.D. 1990. Instrumentation of studying vegetation canopies for remote sensing in optical and thermal infrared regions - automated weather stations. Remote Sensing Reviews. 5 (1): 73-98.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (see the Data Center Identification Section). Documentation about using the archive and/or online access to the data at the ORNL DAAC is not available at this revision.
A general glossary for the DAAC is located at Glossary.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
May 9,1994 (citation revised on October 16, 2002).
August 22, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_UNL_SURF.
Blad, B. L., and E. A. Walter-Shea. 1994. Surface Radiance Data: UNL (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.),Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).
http://daac.ornl.gov/FIFE/Datasets/Surface_Radiation/Surface_Radiance_Data_UNL.html PAR_from_UNL -->