PROCEEDINGS

SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Campaign

Planning Meeting

HELD APRIL 3^RD TO 6^TH 2000

PIETERSBURG AIRPORT, RSA

5 JUNE 2000

Compiled by

Y Scorgie¹, RJ Swap² and HJ Annegarn³

¹Matrix Environmental Consultants cc, RSA

²Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia, USA

³Department of Geology, University of the Witwatersrand, RSA

SUMMARY

Background – Aim of SAFARI 2000

The Southern African Regional Science Initiative - SAFARI 2000 - is an international science initiative aimed at developing a better understanding of the southern African earth-atmosphere-human system. The goal of SAFARI 2000 is to identify and understand the relationships between the physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic processes which underlie the biogeophysical and biogeochemical systems of southern Africa. Particular emphasis is placed upon biogenic, pyrogenic and anthropogenic emissions, their transport and transformations in the atmosphere, their influence on regional climate and meteorology, their eventual deposition, and the effects of this deposition on ecosystems. To accomplish this, SAFARI 2000 participants will:

· integrate remote sensing, computational modeling, airborne sampling and ground-based studies;

· link the biological, physical and chemical components of the regional ecosystems by integrating them within the semi-closed atmospheric gyre persistent over the region;

· combine the expertise and knowledge base of regional and international scientists.

The SAFARI 2000 vision is a 3-year ground-based and satellite data collection period, beginning in mid 1999 and ending in 2002, and period airborne campaigns including various intensive airborne and ground campaigns during wet and dry seasons. The meeting held in April 3 to 6 2000 at Pietersburg, RSA, represented a planning meeting for the intensive flight campaign scheduled to take place during August and September 2000.

Objectives of the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Campaign Planning Meeting

The key objectives of the workshop were to:

(1) outline the logistics for the campaign, in terms of airport facilities, communications, equipment shipping arrangements, etc.;

(2) provide an overview of the overall SAFARI 2000 objectives and determine how airborne flight plans could be tailored to best suite these objectives;

(3) ascertain developments with regard to ground-based activities, with the specific purpose of determining what activities will be undertaken (by whom) during the intensive flight campaign;

(4) collate information regarding the instruments to be aboard each of the aircraft, including the parameters to be measured and the types of data to be produced;

(5) practice the mission planning procedure to be implemented during the IFC, which included: (a) forecasting, presentation and interpretation of meteorological scenarios and trajectory modelling outputs, (b) determination of satellite/sensor overpass types and swath widths, and (c) development of flight plans.

(6) Establish the status of SAFARI 2000 data planning and put in place data management procedures for the campaign.

Participation at the Regional Workshop

Approximately 65 people participated in the workshop, including scientists from the region (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Mozambique, Zambia and Botswana) and from elsewhere (United States, United Kingdom, Canada). Participants primarily represented flight team members, NASA personnel charged with facilitating coordination with satellite overpasses, researchers with instruments aboard various aircraft, and researchers involved in ground-based efforts which require coordination with airborne measurements.

Workshop Proceedings Outline

The Workshop Agenda is provided overleaf. A detailed table of contents is subsequently given for the workshop proceedings. A list of all workshop participants is given in Appendix A.

AGENDA

SAFARI 2000 DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN PLANNING MEETING

PIETERSBURG, SOUTH AFRICA

APRIL 3-6, 2000

DAY 1 SESSION 1: INTRODUCTIONS AND UPDATES (9:00 am)
WELCOME		Annegarn
DISCUSSION OF AGENDA		Suttles
SUMMARY OF ON-GOING ACTIVITIES 1999 Aerocommander Campaign SAVE Tower Sites Kalahari Transect Satellites (Terra, Landsat & TRMM)		Annegarn/Piketh/Tsay/Swap Mukelabai/Hanan/Annegarn Scholes, Otter, BU/UVA King
EXTREME 2000 RAIN EVENTS Overview Kruger Park Status		Terblanche, Lucio Biggs
LOGISTICS FOR DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN OPERATIONS Facilities (Office Space, Communications) Internet, Local Transportation, etc.) Special Shipping via C-141		Symonds, Shelton, Annegarn
SESSION 2: DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN SCIENCE OBJECTIVES & MEASUREMENTS
OVERVIEW OF OVERALL S2K OBJECTIVES / CORE EXPERIMENT	Swap
LUNCH (12:00-1:30 pm)
SESSION 2.1: GROUND-BASED (PIs /Site Managers - Brief presentation to confirm status, plans, and needs) SAFARI 2000 LEAD Project SAVE Towers and EOS Val Fire Product Validation MODIS USFS/UM AERONET MISR MOPITT Maun Tower Vista Univ. Radiation Surface Soil Characterisation SMART & AERI SHADOZ	Otter Swap Justice/Roy (Swap) Ward Holben Helmlinger Drummond Veneendaal Piketh/Winkler Eckhardt Tsay Thompson (Doddridge)
SESSION 2.2 AIRBORNE NASA ER-2 MAS AirMISR MOPITT-A CLS SSFR S-HIS LAS	Shelton, Broda Platnick Conel (Vandenbosch) Drummond Spinhirne, McGill (Suttles) Pilewskie (Russell) Ackerman (Suttles) Tsay
ADJOURN FOR DAY (5:50 pm)
SOCIAL E-THEATER PRESENTATION IN PM
DAY 2 (09:00 am)
SESSION 2.2 AIRBORNE - CONTINUED UW CV-580 Investigators SAWB Aerocommanders Investigators UKMO C-130	Hobbs Russell Pilewskie (Russell) Buseck Yokelson (Ward) Others, TBD Annegarn, Piketh Novelli Doddrige, Maring Buintjes Ward/Jury Others (TBD) Francis/Haywood
LUNCH (12:00-1:30 pm)
SESSION 3: METEOROLOGY - Chairman	Eugene Poolman Director Research & Training
FORECASTING PLANS & SAMPLE PRODUCTS General Forecasting Aviation Forecasting MODELLING Forecast Model (General Description) Trajectory Modelling Combining Forecast & Trajectory Model (Case Studies) RAWISONDE PLAN TYPICAL WEATHER SCENARIOS FOR SAFARI 2000 Meteosat Imagery (temporal loops) Model output (temporal loops) Discussion - Nominal Weather Patterns & Typical Anomalies	Michael de Villiers Eugene Poolman Tali Freiman Deon Terblanche Michael de Villiers Roelof Burger / Deon
SESSION 3.1: BIOMASS BURNING PATTERNS AVHRR Fire Record MODIS DMSP Fires and Flight Planning	Tucker/Kendall (Swap) Justice/Roy/Swap Cahoon Swap
ADJOURN FOR THE DAY
DAY 3 (09:00 am)
SESSION 4: MISSION PLANNING WORKSHOP DISCUSSION OF AIRBORNE FLIGHT PLANS TO MEET SCIENCE OBJECTIVES (Ground-based, Airborne, Satellite)	Group Activity
PRESENTATION OF TYPICAL SCENARIOS (e.g. passage of westerly wave and establishment of continental anticyclone) Revisit the expected Meteorological scenarios in combination with case studies from the trajectory model output	Michael de Villiers Tali Freiman
DEVELOP EXAMPLE MISSION PLAN Formulation of flight plans Trial run on regional site communication (including web access) Contingency / Alternate flight plans Prioritization of secondary missions
DISCUSSION & INTEGRATION OF FLIGHT PLANS
PRESENTATION OF ATYPICAL SCENARIOS (e.g. cold front passing over the sub-continent) Revisit the non-typical meteorological scenarios in combination with the trajectory model output.	Michael de Villiers Tali Freiman
DEVELOP EXAMPLE MISSION PLAN Formulation of flight plans Trail run on regional site communication Contingency / Alternate Flight Plans Prioritization of Secondary Missions
DISCUSSION & INTEGRATION OF FLIGHT PLANS
REPEAT FOR OTHER SCENARIOS AS REQUIRED
DISCUSSION AND PLAN AIRBORNE INSTRUMENT INTER-COMPARISONS
WRAP UP: Suggestions for Improvement Way Forward
ADJOURN FOR THE DAY
DAY 4 (09:00 am)
SESSION 5: DATA MANAGEMENT SUMMARY OF SAFARI 2000 DATA POLICY	Annegarn/Suttles
STATUS OF DATA PLANNING NASA EOS DATA STRATEGY & DAAC NASA GSFC Activities Regional Activities S2K Lead Project UB Data Handling	Cook Landis Otter Ezibalike
SAWB DATA ASSIMILATION & ARCHIVAL PLANS (including Internet capabilities)	Andrew van der Merwe Chris Koch
INPUTS FROM TEAMS List of instruments Data acquisition plans, formats, etc. Expected data volume Data products Plans for data access Dissemination needs	Moderators - Landis/Cook
SESSION 5.1 PRODUCT TIMELINES Data Workshop on First Results - Early 2001 First Results At Science Conference - Late 2002 Data Synthesis Workshop - Early 2002 Safari Science Conference - Late 2002/2003	Annegarn/Suttles/Swap
SESSION 5.2: DEMONSTRATION OF 'MERCURY' DATA SEARCH TOOL	Cook
LUNCH (12:00-1:30 pm)
SESSION 6: LOGISTICS & MISC. Agreements & Permits Shipping & Travel Communications (Phones, Internet, Etc.) Special Support (Gases, Cryogens, Etc.) Medical Travel, $ Exchange, Etc. Accommodations
SESSION 7: WRAP UP UNFINISHED BUSINESS Handling Publicity Identify / Assign Action Items	Annegarn/Suttles Swap

ADJOURN MEETING

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SESSION 1: INTRODUCTIONS AND UPDATES.. 1

1.1 WELCOME. 1

1.2 DISCUSSION OF AGENDA.. 1

1.3 SUMMARY OF ON-GOING ACTIVITIES.. 1

1.4 EXTREME RAIN EVENTS DURING 2000. 13

SESSION 2: DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN SCIENCE OBJECTIVES AND MEASUREMENTS 17

2.1 OVERVIEW OF OVERALL S2K AND OBJECTIVES OF THE CORE EXPERIMENT.. 17

2.2 GROUND-BASED ACTIVITIES.. 18

2.3 AIRBORNE ACTIVITIES.. 31

2.4 BIOMASS BURNING PATTERNS.. 53

SESSION 3: METEOROLOGY.. 53

3.1 FORECASTING PLANS AND SAMPLE PRODUCTS.. 53

3.2 MODELLING.. 55

3.3 RAWINSONDE PLAN.. 59

3.4 TYPICAL WEATHER SCENARIOS FOR SAFARI 2000. 61

SESSION 4: MISSION PLANNING.. 61

4.1 GENERIC AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PLANS TO MEET SAFARI 2000 NEEDS.. 61

4.2 PREPARATION FOR MISSION PLANNING: EMPHASIS ON SCIENCE GOALS AND MISSION PLANNING APPROACH 65

4.3 PRESENTATION OF TYPICAL SCENARIOS.. 65

4.4 OVERVIEW OF PLANNING NEEDS IDENTIFIED.. 85

4.4 INTERCOMPARISON OPPORTUNITIES OF INSTRUMENTS.. 87

4.5 LOGISTICS.. 88

SESSION 5: DATA MANAGEMENT.. 89

5.1 EOS VALIDATION DATA ARCHIVAL POLICY.. 89

5.2 DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SAFARI 2000. 89

5.3 DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEM SUPPORT - ORNL AND GSFC.. 93

5.4 DATA MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE REGION.. 102

5.5 UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA DATA HANDLING PLANS.. 112

5.6 SAWB DATA BASES.. 166

5.6 FUTURE MEETINGS, PROJECT PUBLICITY AND ACTION ITEMS.. 187

5.7 MERCURY SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION.. 213

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Flight paths during ARREX campaigns. 2

Figure 2. Grid boxes for calculating spatial variations of aerosol data. 3

Figure 3. Transportation paths observed to occur over Port Elizabeth. 3

Figure 4. Landat 7. 8

Figure 5. QuikScat 8

Figure 6. QuikScat imagery during Hurricane Cindy. 9

Figure 7. Instrumentation aboard Terra. 9

Figure 8. Terra's global perspective. 9

Figure 9. Composite of MODIS data for 1 day, 1 March 2000. 9

Figure 10. MODIS image swath for southwestern Africa, 10 March 2000. 12

Figure 11. Swath widths or ground tracts of various instruments. 17

Figure 12 Safari 2000 instrument configuration aboard the ER-2. 138

Figure 13. Interaction of regional fields of SAFARI 2000 core experiment. 178

Figure 14. EOS validation site at Mongu, Western Province, Zambia. 268

Figure 15. ZIBBEE airborne vs ground-based comparison. 308

Figure 16. Location of sun photometer and streaker sampling sites. 448

Figure 17. Sketch map of possible flight paths for MOPITT-A. 734

Figure 18 CLS measurements of attenuated backscatter profiles. 771

Figure 19. Sketch of satellite configuration facilitating multiple views of the same earth-based target. 852

Figure 20. Typical flight paths during ARREX campaigns. 1206

Figure 21. Location of ground-based activities during the Safari 2000 campaign. 1209

Figure 22. Flight path and pattern proposed for the Zambia Box. 1323

Figure 23. ETA model and output domain with example trajectory boxes. 1506

Figure 24. Example of ETA Model trajectories. 1509

Figure 25. Synoptic conditions over Southern Africa during August 1999. 1524

Figure 26. Major transport modes over the subcontinent. 1537

Figure 27. Recommended sectors to receive attention in flight planning with AERONET sites being used as the basis for defining anchor points. 1642

Figure 28. Nominal ranges of various aircraft during the Safari 2000 IFC in August - September 2000. (Aerocommanders and ER-2 based at Pietersburg, CV-580 at Kasane, and UK Met Office C-130 at Windhoek.) 1645

Figure 29. Example of possible flight paths of SAWB's Aerocommanders (AC), UK Met Office's C-130 and NASA's ER-2 with a land focus. 1648

Figure 30. Example of possible flight paths of UK Met Office's C-130 and the SAWB's Aerocommanders with an off-shore focus. 1651

Figure 31. Surface pressure observed on 16 August 1999. 1724

Figure 32. Vertical profile of wind and temperature across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 16 August 1999. 1727

Figure 33. Wind vectors and geopotential heights plotted for the 700 hPa level for 16 August 1999. 1732

Figure 34. Relative humidity (%) observed at the surface on 16 August 1999. 1735

Figure 35. Vertical profile of relative humidity (%) across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 16 August 1999. 1740

Figure 36. Backward and forward trajectories for Pietersburg for 16 August 1999. 1750

Figure 37. Image reflecting Terra ground track image for Scenario 1. 1799

Figure 38. Possible flight path for the ER-2 given the synoptic circulation and overpass tracks outlined for Scenario 1. 1812

Figure 39. First possible flight path for JRA, JRB and the Convair-580 given the synoptic circulation and overpass tracks outlined for Scenario 1. 1856

Figure 40. Second possible flight path for JRA, JRB and the Convair-580 given the synoptic circulation and overpass tracks outlined for Scenario 1. 1871

Figure 41. Surface winds and geopotential heights observed on 12 August 1999. 1912

Figure 42. Vertical profile of wind and temperature across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 12 August 1999. 1915

Figure 43. Wind vectors and geopotential heights plotted for the 700 hPa level for 12 August 1999. 1920

Figure 44. Relative humidity (%) observed at the surface on 12 August 1999. 1923

Figure 45. Relative humidity (%) at the 700 hPa level on 12 August 1999. 1926

Figure 46. Vertical profile of relative humidity (%) across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 12 August 1999. 1929

Figure 47. Backward and forward trajectories for Windhoek for 12 August 1999. 1937

Figure 48. Image reflecting Terra ground track image for Scenario 2. 1946

Figure 49. Flight paths sketched for Scenario 2 comprising the passage of frontal depression. 1955

Figure 50. Image reflecting Terra ground track image for Scenario 3. 2001

Figure 51. Flight paths sketched for Scenario 3. 2035

Figure 52. Activities as data flows from the investigators to the archive. 2279

Figure 53. Data Flow from Investigators to Mirror Data Centers. 2282

Figure 54. ORNL DAAC Mercury Search Screen. 2527

Figure 55. Example of ORNL DAAC Mercury Metadata Summary. 2530

Figure 56. Example of ORNL DAAC Mercury Metadata Report. 2533

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Micrometeorological Instrumentation at Kruger Park Study Site. 5

Table 2 MODIS Fire validation sites. 38

Table 3. Spatial resolution, spectral bands and number of overpasses of satellite instruments. 38

Table 4. Ground-based measurements and proposed airborne measurements. 45

Table 5. Comparison of MAS and MODIS characteristics. 50

Table 6. Example of ER-2 flight times assuming full rose pattern flights over targets. 51

Table 7. Characteristics of the UW's CV-580. 57

Table 8. Support requirements of the AATS-14 sunphotometer team.. 60

Table 9 AATS-14 data formats, volumes and availability. 61

Table 10. Compounds present in smoke related to various formation processes. 62

Table 11. JRB's Supplemental measurement suite. 67

Table 12. General and aviation products available from the SAWB.. 71

Table 13. SAWB's upper air programme as from 1 April 2000. 77

Table 14. Additional ascents allocated to various stations during Safari 2000. 78

Table 15. Statistics on observational data received for the period 1 Jan to 31 Dec 1999, given in terms of the number of ascents per station. 78

SAFARI 2000 DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN PLANNING MEETING

PIETERSBURG, SOUTH AFRICA

APRIL 3-6, 2000

DAY 1

SESSION 1: INTRODUCTIONS AND UPDATES

CHAIR: HAROLD ANNEGARN, WITS UNIVERSITY

1.1 WELCOME

Harold Annegarn, University of the Witwatersrand

Delegates were welcomed on behalf of NASA, Wits University and the Research Branch of the KNP.

Flight planning paths represent focus of workshop, including arranging coordination between teams. The aim will be to outline the objectives of the campaign and to go on to discuss the specific arrangements. Fixed wing aircraft require need to know where they are going. The ground-based researchers need to help clarify the cooperation required between airborne and ground-based campaigns.

Michael King was thanked for driving the NASA satellite campaign. Tim Suttles’ role as technical programme chair and manager for NASAs overall activities was acknowledged and Betty Symonds, organiser of the ER-2 campaign and arranger of this meeting thanked.

Apologies were given on behalf of Bob Scholes, Nico Kroes, Jeff Privette and Lackson Marufu for not being able to attend the meeting.

1.2 DISCUSSION OF AGENDA

Tim Suttles, NASA

Session 2 will comprise an overview of ground-based and airborne campaigns, with specific emphasis on activities to be undertaken during the intensive flight campaign during the August-September period. Forecast planning and trajectory modelling to be undertaken during this period will be discussed in Section 3 on Day 2. The mission planning exercises forms an important part of the workshop. These exercises will comprise: weather forecasts, talks about the synoptic situation, and the meeting of the various aircraft groups within break away sessions to come up with flight paths. These mission profiles must be shown to achieve the science objectives outlined. The flight paths should be put on paper and presented. This will facilitate general discussions of flight paths and of how to facilitate integration between profiles. The flight planning exercise will be undertaken for typical and atypical scenarios. A third round may be done if time permits.

Bruce Doddridge suggested that since the CV-580 and the Aerocommanders are to make similar measurements, that they think now how intercomparisons between instruments can be done. Decided that this task be Chaired by Bruce Doddridge and co-chaired by Peter Hobbs.

1.3 SUMMARY OF ON-GOING ACTIVITIES

1.3.1 1999 Aerocommander Campaign – The Aerosol and Recirculation and Rainfall Experiment (ARREX)

Stuart Piketh, University of the Witwatersrand

The aims and objectives of ARREX are as follows:

· Characterise the nature of long range transported aerosols and some trace gas species over and off the subcontinent

· Investigate the effect that industrial emissions - in particular sulphate - has on cloud processes in South Africa

Aerosol measurement instrumentation aboard the Aerocommanders includes PCASP-ASAP, FSSP 100, airborne streaker, an aetholometer and CCN monitoring equipment. Modifications have been made to the SAWB Aerocommanders in order to enable then to carry 6 PCASP probes on board. Trace gases sampled include O₃, SO₂, CO, NO and NO₂, with the potential for VOC canisters to be added.

The main activities of ARREX to date have included the following:

· December 1997 – wet season transportation study;

· May 1998 – dry season transportation investigation;

· January – February 1999 - aerosol CCN and cloud interactions for continental industrial and coastal air masses were studies, combined flights with NASA having taken place.

· July 1999 – The PCASP 100x were acquired and modifications made to both SAWB Aerocommanders, i.e. JRA and JRB. (The modifications made it possible for the planes to carry 6 PCASP probes on board at a time.)

During the August - September 1999 intensive flight campaign, the following activities will take place:

· Flights in the Kruger National Park (Skukuza) with NASA

· Testing modifications on JRB

· Testing PCASP 100x

· Combined flights with NASA with two aircraft in use

The ARREX flight paths are shown in Figure 1. Attention was focused on the transport of aerosols off the subcontinent.

Figure 1. Flight paths during ARREX campaigns.

Grid boxes used to summarise the data collected for the aircraft and to calculate spatial variations over the subcontinent are illustrated in Figure 2. Such data included, for example, spatial variations in aerosol height. Previously the African haze layer was perceived to be relatively homogeneous. The ARREX flights showed that this is not true. Instead of a distinct layer, the haze occurs in various filaments with well defined plumes of aerosols being evident at the 700 hPa level. An example of the transportation of plumes for Port Elizabeth is shown in Figure 3. Three distinct zones of transport are evident: (i) recirculation below 900 hPa; (ii) transport out over the Indian Ocean between 900 hPa and 700 hPa and (iii) recirculation in the upper air above 700 hPa. Images from Micropulse Lidar showed that the haze layer over the Lowveld was not continuous over night, but rather builds up during the night to reach a maximum at about 2 am. Wind flow patterns are anticipated to be responsible for this temporal trend. This appears to represent a substantial transport structure not previously noted.

Figure 2. Grid boxes for calculating spatial variations of aerosol data.

Figure 3. Transportation paths observed to occur over Port Elizabeth.

All the ARREX data are in MS Access format and available from Stuart Piketh (A CD comprising these data could be made available).

1.3.2 SAVE Tower Site at Mongu (Mukelabai)

M Mukelabai, Zambia Meteorological Department

A SAVE tower site is located at Mongu (Zambia), approximately 600 km from Lusaka in the Miombo Rangeland. The tower, situated 22 km to the south of Mongu town, is 29 m in height. The tower comprises 3 platforms, viz. (i) in the canopy, (ii) above the canopy, and (iii) 29 m above ground. During the Kalahari Transect campaign, the equipment ran for 21 days. It is not yet certain how much equipment will be running during the August-September 2000 intensive flight campaign. There is currently more place for equipment. Mr Mukelabai has a vehicle available at the site to assist with the transportation of equipment to the tower.

1.3.3 SAVE Tower Site at Kruger National Park (Skukuza) (Hanan)

Niall Hanan, Colorado State University

The tower at Skukuza is 21 m in height representing 2.5 times the height of the canopy. The site was installed in September 1999 at the interface between the two predominant vegetation types, viz. (i) combretum and (ii) acacia. The site was ideally located, experiencing a good frequency of winds from both vegetation types.

Activities associated with this site include: EOS Validation (Privette), CO₂, H₂O and energy fluxes (Hanan), vegetation characterization (R. Scholes), soil respiration (Mavundla), phenology (Bengis), and trace gas fluxes (M. Scholes, Otter). Skukuza activities undertaken in addition to the tower measurements, which are of interest in terms of the Southern African Validation of EOS (SAVE) include:

· Radiation balance & albedo

- tower measurements (K&Z CM14)

- aircraft measurements

· Canopy gap fraction and radiative transfer

- ground measurements (TRAC, LAI2000)

· Cimel sunphotometer

· Streaker sampler

Investigators on the long term carbon, water and energy balance of savanna ecosystems in southern Africa project include Niall Hanan, Bob Scholes and Mike Coughenour. The KNP eddy covariance study suffered some delays but should be finished within the next few days. The measurements made and instrument types on the eddy covariance, acacia and combretum towers are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Micrometeorological Instrumentation at Kruger Park Study Site

Eddy Covariance Tower
Measurement	Instrument Type	Make & Model*	No. Units	Output Units
Turbulence (u,v,w)	3-D Sonic anemometer	Gill Wind Master Pro	1	m s^-1
CO2 mixing ratio	Infrared gas analyzer	LiCor 6262	1	µmol mol^-1
H2O mixing ratio	Infrared gas analyzer	LiCor 6262	1	mmol mol^-1
Air pressure	Barometric pressure sensor	Vaisala Barocap	1	mb
Air temperature	PT1000	Vaisala HMP45C	1	C
Relative humidity	Capacitive RH sensor	Vaisala HMP45C	1	%
Incoming/reflected shortwave radiation	Pyranometer	Kipp & Zonen CM14	1	W m^-2
Incoming/emitted longwave radiation	Pyrgeometer	Kipp & Zonen CG2	1	W m^-2
Precipitation	Tipping bucket	Texas Instruments TE525	1	mm
Wind speed	Cup anemometer	Climatronics F460	1	m s^-1
Wind direction	Wind vane	Climatronics F460	1	Degrees North
Combretum Tower
Measurement	Instrument Type	Make & Model*	No. Units	Output Units
CO2 concentration profile	Infrared gas analyzer	PP Systems CIRAS-SC	1	mmol mol^-1
H2O concentration profile	Infrared gas analyzer	PP Systems CIRAS-SC	1	mb
Air temperature profile	PT1000	R.M. Young 41342	4	C
Soil temperature profile	Thermistor	Campbell Scientific 108	8	C
Soil moisture profile	Water content reflectometer	Campbell Scientific CS615	8	m^3 m^-3
Soil heat flux	Thermopile gradient	REBS HFT3	3	W m^-2
Acacia Tower
Measurement	Instrument Type	Make & Model*	No. Units	Output Units
CO2 concentration profile	Infrared gas analyzer	PP Systems CIRAS-SC	1	mol mol^-1
H2O concentration profile	Infrared gas analyzer	PP Systems CIRAS-SC	1	mb
Air temperature profile	PT1000	R.M. Young 41342	4	C
Soil temperature profile	Thermistor	Campbell Scientific 108	10	C
Soil moisture profile	Water content reflectometer	Campbell Scientific CS615	10	m^3 m^-3
Soil heat flux	Thermopile gradient	REBS HFT3	3	W m^-2

The role of the Kruger Park Study Site within SAFARI-2000 may be characterised as including:

• Contrasting broad-leaved Combretum savanna on coarse texture, low nutrient soil and fine leafed Acacia savanna on fine textured, higher nutrient soil.

• Continuous measurements, at 30 minute averaging interval, starting February 2000 of meteorological parameters, turbulent fluxes (momentum, CO2, H2O and energy) and soil processes (temperature and humidity profiles). Canopy architecture, phenology and radiative transfer. Biogeochemistry and soil/canopy exchanges of nitrogen and other trace gases.

• SAFARI-2000 aircraft and satellite acquisitions should where possible include Skukuza (and the other terrestrial process sites) to benefit from the mutual synergy between detailed point measurements and process understanding and coarser-scale state measurements: (1) provide regional perspective to site-based flux, scalar and remote sensing measurements, and (2) provide ground-based process understanding and “ground truth” to regional atmospheric and remote sensing measurements.

Comments:

Harold Annegarn – an area is available at Skukuza Airport for the placement of instruments. The area is open, flat and protected from direct winds by a 12 ft high earth berm and is within the airport fence. A streaker is currently in operation here and a micro-meteorological station has been ordered for this site and is to be installed in two weeks time. This meteorological station will be established as a permanent site and will form part of the SAWB’s network.

1.3.4 Kalahari Transect Campaign

Luanne Otter, CSIR

Two weeks ago and intensive 3 week field campaign was undertaken along the Kalahari Transect involving 18 – 23 persons from 5 countries and various institutions. The UK, UVA, NASA, Australia, Meteorological Services in Botswana personnel were involved in addition to UB students. The campaign focussed on (i) vegetation characterisation, (ii) nutrient cycling, (iii) flux measurements; (iv) aerosols and (v) meteorology. A list of the persons involved under each of these focus areas and their specific field of interest is outlined below:

Vegetation Characterisation:

Jeff Privette -

Yuhong Tian - LAI

Yujie Wang - percentage land cover

Yu Zhang - leaf optics

Karyn Tabor - overstory transmission

Gareth Roberts - canopy reflectance

Bob Scholes - PAR

Kelly Caylor - stem maps

Pete Dowty - percentage cover

Lynette Sobehart - canopy cover

Peter Frost - percentage grass green

Bob Scholes - biomass, soil moisture

Nutrient Cycling:

Chris Feral - species composition

Nutrient concentrations

Julieta Aranibar - N cycling

Luanne Otter - nitrification, mineralization, NH4 and NO3

Flux Measurements:

Todd Scanlan - CO2 flux

John Albertson - H2O flux

Lindesay Huntley - 3D wind speed

Air temperature

Relative humidity

Soil moisture

Soil heat flux

Soil temperature

Radiation

Guy Midgley - leaf level CO2/H2O fluxes

Light and temperature effects

Luanne Otter - soil NO flux

Hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation

Aerosols:

Muke Mukelabai - aerosol optical depth

Kaycie Billmark - 12 hr samples

Margie Barenbrug - total suspended particulates

Meteorology:

Botswana Meteorological Dept - basic climatic data collected at each site

Students involved in the Kalahari Transect Campaign included: Martin Hipondoka (Etosha National Park), Chipongura Chirara (University of Zimbabwe) and Maondla Ligavha (University of Venda). These students moved between the groups but also did a lot of root characterisation of some dominant tree species. A further 6 students from university of Botswana also moved between the various groups and assisted with vegetation characterisation.

Data Base – A meta data base is currently being set up indicating who has what data and how it was collected. This meta data base will be put on the web, or you could contact Luanne Otter in the interim if need be.

Comments:

Brent Holben indicated that Ross Nelson (NASA Goddard) was interested in flying at a low altitude over the Kalahari Transect. It was indicated as being a good option during the Wet Season Flying Campaign to take place during 2001. Persons wishing to contact Ross Nelson could do so via Brent Holben (see delegates list).

TERRA was capturing images along the Kalahari Transect prior to being finally set up – these images will be made available (reference made to Mike King’s presentation).

1.3.5 Satellites (Terra, Landsat and TRMM)

Dr Michael King, NASA GSFC

The meeting was informed of the status of the first series of EOS flights:

· Landsat 7 (Figure 4) - was launched at Chesapeake on April 15, and is currently in orbit, descending at 08h05 every day. Data has been collected from April 16, and a good data set of Africa exists already. The impacts are 180 km by 180 km in spatial extent.

· QuikScat (Figure 5) - this mission was launched on 19 June 1999 with data collection starting in July 1999. Data collected by QuikScat includes all-weather global ocean surface wind speed and direction measurements (measures all major surface vector winds). Such data are used for:

- Characterising tropospheric dynamics and improved weather forecasting, particularly over the Southern Hemisphere.

- Upper-ocean circulation characterisation

- Air-sea interaction investigation

- Improved forecasting of El Nino and La Nino

QuikScat also gathers non-ocean scattering cross-sections which are used for vegetation classification and monitoring, and ice edge and type investigations.

Figure 4. Landat 7

Figure 5. QuikScat

The capability of the scattermeters were tested during Hurricane Cindy (Figure 6). The wind vectors predicted by QuikScat/SeaWinds are shown in red in Figure 6. Wind speeds of up to 80 knots were predicted. The 1800 km wide swath and 25 km resolution of SeaWinds yielded an unprecedented description of the weather system. This component of QuikScat facilitates improved forecasting of El Nino and La Nino.

The TRMM orbit is indicated at the bottom of Figure 6. TRMM/TMI facilitated the collection of surface precipitation during Hurricane Cindy. Surface precipitation is given as the colour image in Figure 6.

Whereas conventional satellite data only provides cloud imagery at the top of the storm the data assimilation from QuikScat/SeaWind and TRMM/TMI provided the resolution capability to trace and predict hurricanes. The coincident measurement of wind and precipitation are fundamental to understanding the structure of the storm and predicting its course. These tools are being used to great effect in mission planning in Norway, Sweden and Russia to study the solar vortex.

Figure 6. QuikScat imagery during Hurricane Cindy.

· Terra (Figure 7) - was launched on 18 December 1999. It cost in the order of $10 million per minute to get it into orbit. By 24 February all instruments aboard Terra had opened their doors. All images and data from all instruments collected during the Kalahari Transect campaign which took place in February-March 2000.

Figure 7. Instrumentation aboard Terra

Instruments aboard Terra include MODIS, MOPPIT, CERES, MISR and ASTER. MODIS and CERES will see the entire surface of the earth nearly every day. MISR has a 9-day global coverage, whereas ASTER takes 5 years to cover the globe (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Terra's global perspective.

· MODIS - A composite of MODIS data for 1 day is illustrated in Figure 9. An example of one of the MODIS data sets for Africa is illustrated in Figure 10.

Figure 9. Composite of MODIS data for 1 day, 1 March 2000.

Figure 10. MODIS image swath for southwestern Africa, 10 March 2000.

The image swath shown in Figure 10 was generated on 10 March 2000. The swath is 2300 km wide by 6498 km long and represents a true colour composite (0.645 µm - red, 0.55 µm - green, 0.469 µm blue). The Namibian stratus cloud characteristic of the region is evident on the image. Attention was drawn to swath widths of the various instruments. MODIS has the widest swath width (2300 km). MISR's swath width is in the order of 360 km, with the swath widths of MOPPITT being wider and ASTER being narrower that MISR (see Figure 11).

Figure 11. Swath widths or ground tracts of various instruments

TRMM, Landsat 7, QuikScat, Terra (AM) and ACRIMSAT are currently in orbit. Digital data will be made available after the press conference on April 19th. In addition to the Kalahari Transect experiment in February-March this year, there are several other validation studies. An airborne campaign is underway in Wesconsin, requiring clear sky imagery from MODIS and MISR (etc.). Coordination with such ground-based measurement campaign are essential. It needs to be ensured that the instruments are not pitching upside down at the time when ground-based measurements are required.

Questions and Answers

Q Scientists need to know the timing of the ground tract passes for instruments.

A These can be predicted for future passes. The run predictions for the dry season campaign have not been run. As soon as they are this information will be made available on the web site to facilitate planning. The web site address is as follows:

http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/datacenter/terra/AFRICA2000_03_30_090.gif

Note: The coordinates of all study sites are needed to ensure that they are captured by paths. The coordinates of ground-based projects and their information requirements should be placed on a wish list for consideration.

1.4 EXTREME RAIN EVENTS DURING 2000

1.4.1 South Africa

Eugene Poolman, South African Weather Bureau

During the period 8^th to 22^nd February 2000 extreme rainfall events occurred due to the development a tropical depression and it movement over Madagascar, the northeastern parts of South Africa and Botswana. This system did not reach tropical cyclone status. The impact of the depression over the Limpopo catchment was devastating since there are no significant reservoirs within this catchment to control flooding. This provide highly problematic for Mozambique which suffered the most damage due to flooding. Rainfall figures indicated that five to ten times higher rainfall amounts were experienced over the northeastern parts of South Africa during February 2000 than is characteristic of this period. Such rainfall events generally occurs event 6 – 7 years, having taken place in 1986, during the 1970s and during the 1950s.

1.4.2 Zimbabwe

S Chidzambwa, Zimbabwe Meteorological Services

Rainfall amounts occurring due to Cyclone Elaine were discussed. During February 2000 rainfall amounts experienced were equivalent to total annual rainfall amounts. At the Chipinga Station 343 mm was experienced during the first 3 days, with 318 mm having been recorded at the Beitbridge station which has an annual average rainfall of between 300 mm and 400 mm.

Problems were experienced in responding to the rainfall events due to the lack of preparation by the Civil Protection Unit. Cyclone Elaine resulted in approximately 100 human deaths in addition to considerable loss of livestock and infrastructure. Lessons learned from this event are that the media need be involved in disaster management and response, and that large benefits could be obtained in integrating the airforce into planning strategies.

1.4.3 Botswana

S Nchwengwa, Botswana Meteorological Services

The most damage occurred during the period 8^th to 10^th February 2000. The second cyclone experienced after this date had petered out by the time it reached Botswana. Warnings of high rains and the potential for flooding were issued.

Comments:

Harold Annegarn informed the meeting that an international project had been initiated which was concerned with water management within the Limpopo catchment.

1.4.4 Kruger National Park Flood Update

Dr H Biggs, South African National Parks

A video was screened of the recent Skukuza blood. The following points were made:

· Apart for this flood during 2000, other floods which have burst the macro-channel bank occurred in 1925 (1.5 m higher than current flood) and apparently one in 1893.

· The fact that the flood rose in the daytime and peaked in the late afternoon was probably a major factor in there being no loss of life in the town.

· The damage to Beigh Water bridge was mainly at the two ends, and could be repaired in a reasonably short period. Most research and other infrastructure is up and running, though most gravel and firebreak roads are sill damaged (not yet re-graded) or too wet to use.

· Some extremely important predictions/hypothesis about reparian and river function have now been “tested” although we must wait for river levels to fall to see clearly the outcomes. There are many expected positive ecological effects. Although the river retreated back into the macro-channel the day after the flood, flows have remained consistently high since then, and low water bridges are periodically inundated (fore more often than is usual).

Although the above applies specifically to the Sabie River, much the same applies for the Crocodile during the same time period (7^th period) and many of the same functions applied to the Letase, Shongwedzi and Limpopo rivers, especially in the second phase of intense rain about 2 weeks later, this time associated with Cyclone Eline.

1.4.5 Logistics for Dry Season Campaign Operations

Gary Shelton and Betty Symonds, NASA

Dr Shelton introduced the ER personnel present, namely Betty Symonds and Ken Broda. Betty Symonds is the ER-2 contact person and the ER-2 sensors contact person. Ken Broada is the project pilot. The ER-2 schedule for the August-September intensive flight campaign was presented as follows:

Ferry to Pietersburg 5 August - 12 August 2000

· 5 August - NASA Dryden Flight Research Centre (DFRC) to Patrick AFB, Fla - Saturday - 5 hrs

· 9 August - Partick to Recife, Brazil - Wednesday - 9 hrs

· 11 August - Recife to Pietersburg, RSA - Friday - 10 hrs

· 12 August - Open House Display - Saturday

Science Flights 13 August - 24 September 2000

· 14 Science Flights (approximate)

i.e. ~100 science hours of flying time

Ferry to Dryden 26 September - 20 September 2000

· 26 Sept - Pietersburg to Recife - Tuesday

· 28 Sept - Recife to Patrick - Thursday

· 30 Sept - Patrick to NASA DFRC - Saturday

Two C-141 aircraft will also be used in the experiment to transport equipment to Pietersburg. The tentative schedule for the first of these aircraft was given as follows:

Ferry to Recife from Dryden

· Palletize equipment 31 Jul - 3 Aug 2000

· Aircraft pallet loading of all equipment 4 Aug

· Depart DFRC with ER-2 crew 5 Aug

· Arrive Recife NLT 6 Aug

· Meet customs at 08h00 in Recife 7 Aug

· Depart Recife 8 Aug

Ferry from Recife to Dryden

· Aircraft arrive NLT (with LOX CRT) 25 Sept 2000

· Aircraft pallet loading of all equipment 28 Sept

· Depart Recife 29 Sept

· Arrive DFRC for unloading 1 Oct

· Depart DFRC 2 Oct

The schedule for the 2nd C-141 aircraft was outlined as follows:

Ferry to Pietersburg from Dryden

· Palletize equipment 31 Jul - 3 Aug 2000

· Aircraft pallet loading of all equipment 4 Aug

· Depart DFRC (no passengers) 5 Aug

· Arrive Pietersburg NLT 9 Aug

· Meet customs at 12h00 in Pietersburg 9 Aug

· Unload 10 Aug

· Depart Pietersburg 11 Aug

Ferry from Pietersburg to Dryden

· Aircraft arrive NLT 25 Sept 2000

· Aircraft pallet loading of all equipment 27 Sept

· Depart Pietersburg 27 Sept

· Arrive DFRC for unloading 29 Sept

· Unload 30 Sept

The C-141 aircraft will be used for equipment only. Scientists wishing to use the aircraft to transport their equipment were advised of the following:

· Scientists need to fill out an information sheet obtainable from Betty Symonds regarding the weights of their cargo (12 cargo pellets are to be filled). The shipping information also need to include contact numbers and names of scientists.

· The decision as to what equipment will be included will be made on 15 MAY 2000.

· Scientists are to have all equipment palletized for loading no later than 3 AUG 2000.

· Scientist must be able to abide by the C-141 aircrafts' schedules.

Instruments to be aboard the ER-2 include MOPPIT-A, AirMISR, MODIS, SSFR, and CLS. The Safari 2000 instrument configuration aboard the ER-2 is illustrated in Figure 12.

Requirements for the August-September 2000 intensive flight campaign includes office space, lab space, power, place for fuel storage (etc.). The sensor people will need to stay with the instruments and will therefor required space at the airport. It is necessary to find out who needs what space from various people including: Peter Hobb's assistant, Deon Terblanche (Aerocommander), Stuart Piketh (JRA and lab space), and Bruce Doddridge (instruments for JRB).

Meeting rooms for mission planning will be required. This needs to be at the airport of at the Meteorological office. The forecast station is likely to be at the meteorological office. In order to gain access to the hanger Safari 2000 participants will be classified as airport personnel (identity cards will be issued).

3 car hire schemes will be represented during the IFC, viz. AVIS, Budget and Imperial. Maximum car hire discounts have been negotiated with these firms for the August - September 2000 flight campaign.

Figure 12 Safari 2000 instrument configuration aboard the ER-2.

Contact numbers for ER-2 key personnel were given as follows:

Director, Airborne Science Gary Shelton - 661-258-2919

gary.shelton@dfrc.nasa.gov

Mission managers Larry Montoya - 661-258-2775

larry.montoya@dfrc.nasa.gov

Bob Jones - 661-258-2169

bob.jones@dfrc.nasa.gov

Walter Klein - 661-258-3243

walter.klein@dfrc.nasa.gov

Logistics Betty Symonds - 650-604-3495

bsymonds@mail.arc.nasa.gov

Crew Chief Dave Gutierrez - 661-258-7576

dave.gutierrez@mail.dfrc.nasa.gov

SESSION 2: DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN SCIENCE OBJECTIVES AND MEASUREMENTS