Fires and Atmosphere

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Bhugwant, C., H. Cachier, P. Brmaud, S. Roumeau and J. Leveau. 2000. Chemical effect of carbonaceous aerosols on the diurnal cycle of MBL ozone at a tropical site : Measurements and Simulations. Tellus 52(B): 1232-1248.

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Bhugwant, C., and P. Brmaud. 2001. Simultaneous measurements of black carbon, PM10, ozone and NOx variability at a locally polluted island in the southern tropics, J. Atmos. Chem. 39: 261-280.

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Brimelow, J. C. and J. van Heerden, 1996. Surface temperature and wind fields over the Skeleton Coast (Namibia) and adjacent interior during SAFARI-92 .  Journal of Geophysical Research 101(19):23,767.

Browell,  E. V., M. A. Fenn, C. F Butler, W. B. Grant, M. B. Clayton, J. Fishman, A. S. Bachmeier, B. E. Anderson, G. L. Gregory, H. E. Fuelberg, J. D. Bradshaw, S. T. Sandholm, D. R. Blake, B. G. Heikes, G. W. Sachse, H. B. Singh, and R. W. Talbot, 1996. Ozone and aerosol distributions and air mass characteristics over the South Atlantic basin during the burning season. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(19):24,043.

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Chatfield, R. B.; Vastano, J. A.; Connors, V. S., 1998. The Great African plume from biomass burning: Generalizations from a three-dimensional study of TRACE A carbon monoxide. Journal of Geophysical Research 103:28,059.

Cofer III, W. R.,J. S. Levine, E. L. Winstead, D.R. Cahoon, D.L Sebacher, J.P. Pinto, and B.J. Stocks, 1996. Source compositions of trace gases released during African savanna fires. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(19):23,597.

Cofer III, W. R., K. P. Koutzenogii, A. Kokorin, and A. Ezcurra, 1997. Biomass Burning Emissions and the Atmosphere. In: Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change. J. S. Clark, H. Cachier, J. Goldammer, and B. Stocks (eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 189-206.

Collins Jr., J. E.,  B. E. Anderson, G. W Sachse, J. D.W. Barrick,  L. 0. Wade, L. G. Burney, and G. F. Hill. 1996. Atmospheric fine structure during GTE TRACE A: Relationships among ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(19):24,307.

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Diab, R. D.,  M. R. Jury, J. Combrink, and F. Sokolic, 1996. A comparison of anticyclone and trough influences on the vertical distribution of ozone and meteorological conditions during SAFARI-92. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(19):23,809.

Diab, R. D., A. M. Thompson. M. Zunckel, G. J. R. Coetzee, J. Combrink, G. E. Bodeker, J, Fishman, F Sokolic, D. P. McNamara, C. B. Archer, and D. Nganga, 1996. Vertical ozone distribution over southern Africa and adjacent oceans during SAFARI-92. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (19): 23,823.

Dwyer, E., J.-M. Grgoire, and J.M.C. Pereira (2000) Climate and vegetation as driving factors in global fire activity. In: Innes, J.L., Verstraete, M.M., and Beniston, M. (Eds.), Biomass Burning and its Inter-Relationships with the Climate System, pp.171-191. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Dwyer, E., J.M.C. Pereira, C.C. DaCamara & J.-M. Grgoire (2000) Characterization of the spatio-temporal patterns of global fire activity. Journal of Biogeography 27 (1): 57-70.

Echalar, F.; Gaudichet, A.; Cachier, H.; Artaxo, P., 1995. Aerosol emissions by tropical forest and savanna biomass burning: characteristic trace elements and fluxes. Geophysical Research Letters 22 (22), 3039-3042.

Engelbrecht  J P and R B Wells, 1996. Source Apportionment.  In: Air Pollution and its Impacts on the South African Highveld. G. Held, B. J. Gore, A. D. Surridge, G. R. Tosen, C. R. Turner, and R. D. Walmsley (eds.). Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, 144 pp.

Ferrar, P.J., 1980. Environmental Control of Gas Exchange in Some Savanna Woody Species, Oecologia, 47, 204-212.

Fishman, J., K. Fakhruzzaman, B. Cros and D. Nganga, 1991. Identification of Widespread Pollution in the Southern Hemisphere Deduced from Satellite Analyses. Science 252, 1693-1696.

Fishman, J., J.M. Hoell, R.D. Bendura, R.J. McNeal, and V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff, 1996 NASA GTE TRACE-A Experiment (September - October, 1992): Overview, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,865-23,880.

Frost, P. G. and Robertson, F., 1987. The ecological role of fire in savannas. In: Determinants of tropical savannas. Walker, B. H. (ed.). IRL Press, Oxford. P. 93-140.

Fuelberg, H. E., R. 0. Loring Jr., M. V. Watson, M. C. Sinha, K. E. Picketing, A. M. Thompson, G. W. Sachse, D. R. Blake, and M. R. Schoeberl, 1996. TRACE A trajectory intercomparison, 2, isentropic and kinematic methods. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,927.

 Fuelberg, H. E., J. D Van Ausdall, E. V. Browell, and S. P. Longmore, 1996. Meteorological conditions associated with vertical distributions of aerosols off the west coast of Africa. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24,105.

 Gandar, M. V., 1982. Description of a fire and its effects in the Nylsvley Nature Reserve: A synthesis report. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 63. CSIR, Pretoria. 35 pp.

M. Garstang, C. Cosgrove, R. Swap, and S. Greco. 1988. Estimation of Tropical Rainfall. (pp.425-432). In: Tropical Rainfall Measurements. J.S.
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Garstang, M.,P.D. Tyson, E. Browell and R. Swap, 1996. Large-Scale transport of Biogenic and Biomass Burning Products. In: Biomass Burning and Global Change.  Levine, J. S. (ed.) MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp.389-395.

Garstang, M., P.D. Tyson, R. Swap, M. Edwards, P. Kallberg and J.A. Lindesay, 1996. Horizontal and vertical transport of air over southern Africa. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,721-23,736.

Garstang, M., P.D. Tyson, H. Cachier, and L. Radke, 1997. Atmospheric Transports of Particulate and Gaseous Products by Fires. In: Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change. J. S. Clark, H. Cachier, J. Goldammer, and B. Stocks (eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp.207-250.

Garstang, M., W. N. Ellery, T. S. McCarthy, M. C. Scholes, R. J. Swap and P. D. Tyson, 1998. The contribution of aerosol- and water-borne nutrients to the functioning of the Okavango Delta ecosystem, Botswana. South African Journal of Science 94, 223-229.

Gnoinski,  J, M A A Tullmin and M Nixon, 1996. Monitoring of Atmospheric Corrosion in the Mpumalanga Highveld. In: Air Pollution and its Impacts on the South African Highveld. G. Held, B. J. Gore, A. D. Surridge, G. R. Tosen, C. R. Turner, and R. D. Walmsley (eds.). Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, 144 pp.

Gregory, G. L., H. E. Fuelberg, S.t P. Longniore, B. E. Anderson, J. E. Collins, and D. R. Blake, 1996. Chemical characteristics of tropospheric air over the tropical South Atlantic Ocean: Relationship to trajectory history. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (19): 23,957.

Guenther, A., C.N. Hewitt, D. Erickson, R. Fall, C. Geron, T. Graedel, P. Harley, L. Klinger, M. Lerdau, W.A. McKay, T. Pierce, B. Scholes, R. Steinbrecher, R. Tallamraju, J. Taylor, and P. Zimmerman, 1995: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, pp. 8873-8892.

Guenther, A., L. Otter, P. Zimmerman, J. Greenberg, R.J. Scholes, and M.C. Scholes, 1996. Biogenic hydrocarbon emissions from southern African savannas, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 25859 - 25865.

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Hao, W. M.,  D. E. Ward, and S. P. Baker, 1996. Emissions of C021 CO, and hydrocarbons from fires in diverse African savanna ecosystems. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (19): 23,577

 Harris, G. W., F. G. Wienhold, and T. Zenker, 1996. Airborne observations of strong biogenic NO_x emissions from the Namibian savanna at the end of the dry season. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,707-23,711.

Heikes, B., M. Lee, D. Jacob, R. Talbot, J. Bradshaw, H. Singh, D. Blake, B. Anderson, H. Fuelberg, and A. M. Thompson, 1996. Ozone, hydroperoxides, oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbon budgets in the marine boundary layer over the South Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (19): 24,221.

Helas, G., M. O. Andreae, G. Schebeske and P. LeCanut, 1995. SAFARI-94: A preliminary view of results. South African Journal of Science 91, 360- 362.

Helas, G. and J. J. Pienaar, 1996.Biomass burning emissions. In: Air Pollution and its Impacts on the South African Highveld. G. Held, B. J. Gore, A. D. Surridge, G. R. Tosen, C. R. Turner, and R. D. Walmsley (eds.). Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, 144 pp.

Helas, G. and J.J. Pienaar, 1996. The influence of vegetation fires on the chemical composition of the atmosphere, S. Afr. J. Sci., 92, 132-136.

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Held, G., H. Scheifinger and G. M. Snyman,1994. Recirculation of pollutants in the atmosphere of the South African Highveld. South African Journal of Science 90, 91-97.

Held, G., 1996. Wind and temperature profiles in the boundary layer above the Kruger National Park during SAFARI-92. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D19): 23,737.

Held, G., B.J. Gore, A.D. Surridge, G.R. Tosen, C.R. Turner and R.D. Walmsley (eds)., 1996: Air Pollution and Its Impact on the South African Highveld, Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, S.A. and National Association for Clean Air, 35-46.
 
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Held, G., H Scheifinger, G M Snyman, G R Tosen and M Zunckel, 1996. The Climatology and Meteorology of the Highveld. In: Air Pollution and its Impacts on the South African Highveld. G. Held, B. J. Gore, A. D. Surridge, G. R. Tosen, C. R. Turner, and R. D. Walmsley (eds.). Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, 144 pp.

Houghton, R.A., 1991. Biomass Burning from the Perspective of the Global Carbon Cycle, In: J.S. Levine (Ed.), Global Biomass Burning, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 321-325.

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Jacob, D. J.,  B. G. Heikes, S.-M. Fan, J. A. Logan, D. L. Mauzerall, J. D. Bradshaw, H. B. Singh, G. L. Gregory, R. W Talbot, D. R. Blake, and G. W. Sachse, 1996. Origin of ozone and NO. in the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin. . Geophys. Res., 101(D19): 24,235.

Jury, M. R., E. Brunke, and M. Schormann, 1996. Aircraft section measurements of meteorology and ozone in northern Namibia during SAFARI-92
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Justice, C., Scholes, B. and Frost, P. 1994. African savannas and the global atmosphere: research agenda. IGBP Report 31. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Stockholm, Sweden. 50 pp.

Justice, C. O., J.D. Kendall, P.R. Dowty and R.J. Scholes, 1996. Satellite remote sensing of fires during the SAFARI campaign using NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer data, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,851-23,864.

Kaufman, Y. J., P. V. Hobbs, V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff, P. Artaxo, L. A. Remer, B. N. Holben, M. D. King, E. M. Prins, D.E. Ward, K. M. Longo, L. F. Mattos, C.A. Nobre, JK.D. Spinhirne, Q. Ji, A. M. Thompson, J. F. Gleason, S. A. Christopher, and S.-C. Tsay, 1998: The Smoke, Clouds and Radiation Experiment in Brazil (SCAR-B), submitted for JGR special issue on SCAR-B.

Kempster,  P LR W Skoroszewski, G N Roos and B J Gore, 1996. Impact of Atmospheric Deposition on Water Quality. In: Air Pollution and its Impacts on the South African Highveld. G. Held, B. J. Gore, A. D. Surridge, G. R. Tosen, C. R. Turner, and R. D. Walmsley (eds.). Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, 144 pp.

Kuhlbusch, T A. J.,  M. 0. Andreae, H. Cachier, J. G. Goldammer,  J.-P. Lacaux, R. Shea, and P. J. Crutzen, 1996. Black carbon formation by savanna fires: Measurements and implications for the global carbon cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D19): 23,651.

Le Canut,  P., M. 0. Andreae, G. W Harris, F. G. Wienhold, and T Zenker, 1996. Airborne studies of emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa, 1, Aerosol emissions measured with a laser optical particle counter. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D19):23,615.

 Lindesay, J.A., M.O. Andreae, J.G. Goldammer, G. Harris, H.J. Annegarn, M. Garstang, R.J. Scholes, and B. W. van Wilgen, 1996. International Geosphere Biosphere Programme/International Global Atmospheric Chemistry SAFARI-92 field experiment: Background and overview, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,521-23,530.

 Loring Jr., R. 0., H. E. Fuelberg, J. Fishman, M. V. Watson, and E. V. Browell, 1996. Influence of a middle-latitude cyclone on tropospheric ozone distributions during a period of TRACE A . J. Geophys. Res., 101(D19): 23,941.

 Lacaux, J.P., J. Cachier and R. Delmas, 1993. Biomass burning in Africa: An overview of its impact on atmospheric chemistry, In: Fire in the Environment: the Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires, Crutzen, P.J. and J.G. Goldammer (Eds.), Wiley, New York, pp.159-188.

Lacaux, J. P., R. Delmas, C. Jambert, and T. A. J. Kuhlbusch, 1996. NO, emissions from African savanna fires. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D19): 23,585.

Langford, A. O, F. C. Fehsenfeld, 1992. Natural vegetation as a source or sink for atmospheric ammonia: A case study. Science 255, 581-583

Lennon,  S J and A D Surridge, 1996. Global Air Quality Management. In: Air Pollution and its Impacts on the South African Highveld. G. Held, B. J. Gore, A. D. Surridge, G. R. Tosen, C. R. Turner, and R. D. Walmsley (eds.). Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, 144 pp.

Levine, J. S., W. R. Cofer III, D. R. Cahoon, Jr., E. L Winstead, D, I. Sebacher, M. S. Scholes, D. A. B. Parsons and R. J. Scholes, 1996. Biomass Burning, Biogenic Soil Emissions, and the Global Nitrogen Budget. In: Biomass Burning and Global Change. Levine, J. S. (ed.). MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp.370-380.

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Maenhaut, W.,  H. Salma, J. Caftneyer, H. J. Annegarn, and M. 0. Andreae, 1996. Regional atmospheric aerosol composition and sources in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa, and impact of biomass burning. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (19): 23,631.

Mulder, J., P. Nilsen, A. Stuanes and M. Huse, 1997. Nitrogen Pools and Transformations in Norwegian Forest Ecosystem with Different Atmospheric Inputs. Ambio 26 (5), 273-281.

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Scholes, M C, K A Olbrich and E Van Rensburg, 1996. The Environmental Impact of Atmospheric Pollution on the Industrial Highveld and Adjacent Regions: Crops, Indigenous Vegetation and Commercial Forests. In: Air Pollution and its Impacts on the South African Highveld. G. Held, B. J. Gore, A. D. Surridge, G. R. Tosen, C. R. Turner, and R. D. Walmsley (eds.). Environmental Scientific Association, Cleveland, 144 pp.

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