This data set reports leaf gas flux and leaf properties from samples collected from trees, liana, pasture saplings,
and pasture grass located at eight different sampling locations in the states of Para (south of Santarem) and Amazonas (near Manaus)
from November 1999 through December 2003. Data are reported on photosynthesis measurements, CO2 response curves, light response curves,
humidity response curves, and stomatal responses to variations of the leaf-to-air water vapor mole fraction deficit. Leaf weight, carbon and nitrogen concentrations as well as stable isotope signatures for 13C and 15N are reported for a subset of the samples. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set.
Cite this data set as follows:
Ehleringer, J., L.A. Martinelli, C. Cook, T.F. Domingues, L. Flanagan, J. Berry, and J.P. Ometto. 2011. LBA-ECO CD-02 Leaf Level Gas Exchange, Chemistry, and Isotopes, Amazonia, Brazil. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1010
The LBA Data and Publication Policy [http://daac.ornl.gov/LBA/lba_data_policy.html] is in effect for a period of five (5) years from the date of archiving and should be followed by data users who have obtained LBA data sets from the ORNL DAAC. Users who download LBA data in the five years after data have been archived must contact the investigators who collected the data, per provisions 6 and 7 in the Policy.
This data set was archived in May of 2011. Users who download the data between May 2011 and April 2016 must comply with the LBA Data and Publication Policy.
Data users should use the Investigator contact information in this document to communicate with the data provider. Alternatively, the LBA Web Site [http://lba.inpa.gov.br/lba/] in Brazil will have current contact information.
Data users should use the Data Set Citation and other applicable references provided in this document to acknowledge use of the data.
Project: LBA (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in the Amazon)
Activity: LBA-ECO
LBA Science Component: Carbon Dynamics
Team ID: CD-02 (Ehleringer / Martinelli)
The investigators were Cook, Craig; Domingues, Tomas Ferreira; Ehleringer, James; Flanagan, Lawrence; Martinelli, Luiz Antonio; Ometto, Jean Pierre H.B. and Berry, Joseph . You may contact Ehleringer, Jim (ehleringer@biology.utah.edu).
LBA Data Set Inventory ID: CD02_Leaf_Level_Gas_Exchange
These data represent measurements from leaves including photosynthesis measurements, CO2 response curves, light response curves, and humidity response curves from trees, liana, pasture saplings, or pasture grass located at eight different sampling locations in the states of Para and Amazonas in northern Brazil. Data were collected repeatedly from each site between October 1999 and December 2003. In addition to photosynthetic curves and associated environmental variables leaf weight, carbon and nitrogen concentrations as well as stable isotope signatures for 13C and 15N are reported for a subset of samples.
Related data sets:
Data are presented in one comma-delimited ASCII file: CD02_Leaf_Level_Gas_Exchange.csv
File: CD02_Leaf_Level_Gas_Exchange.csv
| Column | Heading | Units/format | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sort_order | Sort order of data file where a unique row is defined by the Site_name, Date, Time_start, Sequence_number, and Curve_type | |
| 2 | Site_code | Sampling location id code | |
| 3 | Site_name | Sampling location identification | |
| 4 | Longitude | degrees | Sampling location in decimal degrees: negative values indicate west and positive values east |
| 5 | Latitude | degrees | Sampling location in decimal degrees: negative values indicate south and positive values north |
| 6 | Functional_group | Plant life form type: tree, liana, pasture sapling, or pasture grass | |
| 7 | Position | Position within the forest canopy; Not applicable for pasture sites | |
| 8 | Sample_ID | Sample id for chemical analysis | |
| 9 | Species | Genus species | Scientific name of the plant sampled where identified |
| 10 | Height | m | Sampling height in meters (m) |
| 11 | Date | YYYY/MM/DD | sampling date |
| 12 | Time_start | HH:MM | Starting time (local 24 hr clock) for the set of measurements defined by Date, Time_start, and Curve_type. These measurements were made sequentially over a 60-90 minute period |
| 13 | Sequence_number | Designates the order in which the measurements were made for a given (Date,Time_start, Curve_type) set of measurements | |
| 14 | Curve_type | light = photosynthetic dependence on PFD, other parameters constant; CO2 = photosynthetic dependence on CO2 concentration, other parameters constant, including high PFD; RH = photosynthetic dependence on relative humidity, other parameters constant, including high PFD | |
| 15 | A | micromol CO2 m-2 s-1 | Net photosynthetic rate in micromoles of CO2 fixed per meter squared of leaf surface per second (micromol CO2 m-2 s-1) |
| 16 | Cond | mol m-2 s-1 | Leaf conductance measured in moles of water per meter leaf surface squared per second (mol m-2 s-1) |
| 17 | Ci | micromol CO2 mol-1 | Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration measured as micromoles of CO2 per mole of air (micromol CO2 mol-1) |
| 18 | VPD | kPa | Vapor pressure deficit at the leaf surface measured in kilo Pascals (kPa) |
| 19 | E | mmol H2O m-2 s-1 | Transpiration rate measured in millimoles of water per meter squared leaf surface per second (mmol H2O m-2 s-1) |
| 20 | T_leaf | degrees C | Leaf temperature in degrees Celsius (degrees C) |
| 21 | T_air | degrees C | Air temperature inside the cuvette |
| 22 | Flow | micromol air s-1 | Air flow velocity inside the sampling cuvette in micromoles of air per second (micromol air s-1) |
| 23 | CO2_S | micromol CO2 mol air-1 | Carbon dioxide concentration inside leaf cuvette measured as micromoles of CO2 per mole of air (micromol CO2 mol-1) |
| 24 | H2O_S | millimol H2O mol-1 | Water vapor concentration inside leaf cuvette measured as millimoles of H2O per mole of air (millimol H2O mol-1) |
| 25 | RH_S | % | Relative humidity inside cuvette measured in percent (%) |
| 26 | PARi | micromol m-2 s-1 | Photosynthetically active radiation flux measured inside the cuvette in micromoles of photons per meter squared per second (micromol m-2 s-1) |
| 27 | PARo | micromol m-2 s-1 | Photosynthetically active radiation flux measured outside the cuvette in micromoles of photons per meter squared per second (micromol m-2 s-1) |
| 28 | Ci_Ca | Ratio of intercellular to ambient carbon dioxide concentrations | |
| 29 | Leaf_area | m2 | Leaf area in meters squared (m2) |
| 30 | Dry_weight | g | Leaf dry weight in grams (g) after drying at 70 degrees C |
| 31 | delta_13C | per mil | Isotopic ratio of 13C/12C in leaf tissue referenced to PDB, measured with continuous flow on Finigan Delta Plus at CENA |
| 32 | delta_15N | per mil | Isotopic ratio of 15N/14N in leaf tissue referenced to atmospheric air, measured with continuous flow on Finigan Delta Plus at CENA |
| 33 | C_conc | % | Leaf tissue carbon content in percent (%) |
| 34 | N_conc | % | Leaf tissue nitrogen content in percent (%) |
| 35 | C_to_N | Mass based carbon to nitrogen ratio | |
| 36 | Notes | Comments from the field notebooks | |
| 37 | Sort_order_original | Sort order of original data file | |
| Missing data are represented by -9999 | |||
| Missing character values: "not provided" | |||
Example Data Records:
|
Sort_order,Site_code,Site_name,Longitude,Latitude,Functional_group,Position,Sample_ID,Species Height, Date,Time_start,Sequence_number,Curve_type,A,Cond, Ci,VPD,E, T_leaf, T_air, Flow,CO2_S,H2O_S,RH_S, PARi,PARo,Ci_Ca,Leaf_area, Dry_weight, delta_13C,delta_15N,C_conc,N_conc,C_to_N, Notes,Sort_order_original 1,1,Manaus ZF2 tower site (km 14), -60.115,-2.589,Tree,Mid canopy,12,Not identified,8, 11/3/1999,16:35,1,CO2,0.01,183,-9999,0.1,29.88,-9999,397.5,500.2,26.032,79.93, 1799,17,0.37,-9999, -9999, -31.95,4.53,46.05, 3.7,12.45, None,18 2,1,Manaus ZF2 tower site (km 14),-60.115,-2.589,Tree Mid canopy,12,Not identified,8, 11/3/1999,16:35,2,CO2,6.1,0.02,351,-9999,0.26,29.88,-9999,317.5,1001.3,26.22,79.75, 1800,11,0.35,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999, None,19 ... 267,6,Santarem Control Plot site at Seca Floresta - Flona Tapajos,-54.956,-2.898,Tree,Upper canopy,1122,Cordia bicolor,28, 12/4/2003,14:13,11,CO2,16.2,0.03,970,1.87,0.54,32.05,-9999,300.5,1964.8,29.567,64.96, 800,623,0.49,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999, None,3783 268,6,Santarem Control Plot site at Seca Floresta - Flona Tapajos,-54.956,-2.898,Tree,Mid canopy,1127,Tachigalia myrmecophila,20, 12/9/2003,9:02,1,RH,11.3,0.2,259,0.88,1.7,28.49,-9999,199.9,360.6,30.516,81.28, 799,135,0.72,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999,-9999, None,3829 ... |
Site boundaries: (All latitude and longitude given in decimal degrees)
| Site (Region) | Westernmost Longitude | Easternmost Longitude | Northernmost Latitude | Southernmost Latitude | Geodetic Datum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Para Western (Santarem) - km 67 Primary Forest Tower Site (Para Western (Santarem)) | -54.95900 | -54.95900 | -2.85700 | -2.85700 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
| Para Western (Santarem) - km 67 Seca-Floresta Site (Para Western (Santarem)) |
-55.00000 | -55.00000 | -2.75000 | -2.75000 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
| Para Western (Santarem) - km 83 Logged Forest Tower Site (Para Western (Santarem)) | -54.97070 | -54.97070 | -3.01700 | -3.01700 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
| Para Western (Santarem) - km 77 Pasture Tower Site (Para Western (Santarem)) |
-54.88850 | -54.88850 | -3.02020 | -3.02020 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
| Para Western (Santarem) - Mojui (Para Western (Santarem)) |
-54.5792 | -54.5792 | -2.76667 | -2.76667 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
| Amazonas (Manaus) - ZF2 km 14 (Amazonas (Manaus)) | -60.11520 | -60.11520 | -2.58900 | -2.58900 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
| Amazonas (Manaus) - ZF3 Fazenda Dimona (Amazonas (Manaus)) |
-59.00000 | -59.00000 | -2.00000 | -2.00000 | World Geodetic System, 1984 (WGS-84) |
Time period:
Platform/Sensor/Parameters measured include:
Both modeling and observational research have focused on the direct effects of the physical environment on plant physiology. Our data address both effects of the physical environment (including light and temperature) as well as ecosystem type and canopy position at the leaf level. These data are fundamental to the modeling of gas exchange at the level of the leaf or individual and inform larger-scale approaches as well.
All the data have been reviewed and there are no known problems and no further changes are anticipated for this data set.
Leaf samples from 29 species of liana, trees, pasture saplings, or pasture grass were collected during field campaigns from eight locations in Para, Brazil (TNF south of Santarem) and Amazonas, Brazil (near Manaus) during the following periods: October and November 1999; March, June, July, and October 2000; February, March, August, and September 2001; September and October 2002: and June, November, and December 2003. Collections were in both dry and wet seasons and included primary forests, logged sites, tower sites, and pasture sites. Field measurements were usually limited to morning hours (8:00 to 13:00 h local time) to avoid afternoon weather. The mean annual precipitation in the Santarem sites is 2,207 mm, with a 5-month dry season when precipitation is less than 100 mm (July through November). Air temperature above the canopy varies little throughout the year, with maximum daily temperatures ranging between 24 degrees and 32 degrees C and minimum daily temperatures ranging between 20 degrees and 25 degrees C. The average annual precipitation for Manaus is 2,186 mm with a mean annual temperature of 27 degrees C. March and April are the wettest months, and July, August, and September are the dry months.
Gas exchange measurements were taken with a photosynthetic gas exchange
system with a red–blue light source and an external CO2 source (model
LI-6400, Li-Cor). We limited gas exchange measurements to morning hours (0800
to 1300 LT), to avoid afternoon stomatal closure. On all occasions, leaf area used
was equal to 6 cm2. For Amax and gs@Amax determinations (430 in total), conditions
inside the chamber were controlled to maintain leaf temperature at 30 degrees C,
relative humidity around 80%, CO2 concentrations at the sample cell at 360 mmol
mol−1, and saturating levels of photosynthetic active photon flux density (PPFD),
800 mol m−2 s−1 for understory plants and 1800 mol m−2 s−1 for mid- and
top-canopy species. The biochemical photosynthesis model used in Simple Biosphere
Model (SiB2) (Sellers et al. 1996) and widely used in other land surface
models (Bonan 2002) was used to obtain Vcmax values from both light and CO2
response curves. This model is based on the approach of Farquhar et al. (Farquhar
et al. 1980), modified by Collatz et al. (Collatz et al. 1991). The dependence of
carbon assimilation on photosynthetic photon flux density (light response curves,
98 in total) was obtained by 10 stepwise increments in light level, while holding
leaf temperature, relative humidity, and ambient CO2 constant. For the determination
of the dependence of carbon assimilation on intercellular CO2 concentration
(A–ci curves, 77 in total) under saturating light, 10 ambient CO2 levels were used,
while holding constant leaf temperature and relative humidity. The response
curves (98 A-PPFD curves and 77 A–ci curves) were measured in six species of each
of the following plant functional groups: top-canopy lianas, top-canopy trees, midcanopy
trees, and understory trees. Measuring time of each response curve
spanned between 60 and 90 min. (Domingues et al.,
2005).
Dried subsamples (dried at 65 degrees C in convection ovens until constant weight) of each leaf collected for leaf mass per area (LMA) determinations were used for 13C and N area determinations by continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS Delta Plus Finnigan Mat) coupled with an elemental analyzer (Carlo Erba). Analyses were performed at the Laboratorio de Ecologia Isotopica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
This data is available through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
Data Archive Center:
Contact for Data Center Access Information:
E-mail: uso@daac.ornl.gov
Telephone: +1 (865) 241-3952
Bonan, G., Ed., 2002: Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications. Cambridge University Press, 678 pp.
Collatz, G. J., J. T. Ball, C. Grivet, and J. A. Berry, 1991: Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer. Agric. For. Meteor., 54, 107–136. doi:10.1016/0168-1923(91)90002-8
Domingues, T.F., J.A. Berry, L.A. Martinelli, J.P.H.B. Ometto, and J.R. Ehleringer. 2005. Parameterization of Canopy Structure and Leaf-Level Gas Exchange for an Eastern Amazonian Tropical Rain Forest (Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil). Earth Interactions 9(17):1-23. doi:10.1175/EI149.1
Farquhar, G. D., S. von Caemmerer, and J. A. Berry, 1980: A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta, 149, 78–90. doi:10.1007/BF00386231
Sellers, P. J, and Coauthors, 1996: A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I: Model formulation. J. Climate, 9, 676–705. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0676:ARLSPF>2.0.CO;2
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