As part of the FIFE staff science data collection effort, the FIFE Information System (FIS) extracted site reflectances from the level-1 SPOT multispectral (XS) and panchromatic (PAN) data.
Thematic considerations dictated, within technical constraints, the choice of spectral band position and width in the multispectral mode. Three bands were selected for the multispectral mode:
For the higher ground resolution black-and-white (so called panchromatic) mode, a broader spectral band was required. In order to retain the capability for texture analysis in support of the color mode and a high information content over vegetated areas, the interval 510 to 730 nm was chosen for the broad band.
The High Resolution Visible sensor system used to collect the original data from which this data set was produced has been described in detail in the document describing the SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) Averages. See that document for a detailed description of this sensor system.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
See the Sensor/Instrument Description Section.
The SPOT site reflectances were extracted from the FIFE level-1 HRV data by FIFE staff at Goddard Space Flight Center. Members of the staff selected pixels from SPOT HRV Level-1 Images that overlaid specific stations within the FIFE study area. The original imagery from the High Resolution Visible instruments on the SPOT satellites were acquired from the SPOT Image Corporation, Reston, Virginia.
Not available.
None.
The FIFE study area, with areal extent of 15 km by 15 km, is located south of the Tuttle Reservoir and Kansas River, and about 10 km from Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The northwest corner of the area has UTM coordinates of 4,334,000 Northing and 705,000 Easting in UTM Zone 14.
The data were extracted from the images at 40 different locations scattered throughout the FIFE study area. The exact locations of the extracted pixels are given below:
SITEGRID NORTHING EASTING LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEV SLOPE ASPECT
-------- -------- ------- --------- ---------- ---- ------ ------
0847-SPT 4332344 714439 39 06 57 -96 31 11 418 1 TOP
1246-SPT 4331625 714200 39 06 34 -96 31 22 410 12 S
1445-SPT 4331160 714090 39 06 19 -96 31 27 400
1478-SPT 4331223 720664 39 06 15 -96 26 53 375 2 N
1563-SPT 4331100 717610 39 06 14 -96 29 01 366 18 W
1916-SPT 4330282 708259 39 05 55 -96 35 30 351 2
1935-SPT 4330195 711927 39 05 49 -96 32 58 425 20 N
1942-SPT 4330133 713414 39 05 46 -96 31 56 422 1 TOP
2043-SPT 4329952 713679 39 05 40 -96 31 45 415
2123-SPT 4329866 709506 39 05 41 -96 34 39 405 1 TOP
2133-SPT 4329706 711577 39 05 34 -96 33 13 443 1 TOP
2139-SPT 4329843 712789 39 05 37 -96 32 23 3
2330-SPT 4329314 711066 39 05 22 -96 33 35 424 5 E
2428-SPT 4329265 710635 39 05 20 -96 33 53 415
2516-SPT 4328956 708102 39 05 12 -96 35 38 405
2655-SPT 4328787 716070 39 05 00 -96 30 07 367 4 E
2731-SPT 4328678 711110 39 05 01 -96 33 34 446
2915-SPT 4328167 708028 39 04 47 -96 35 42 415
3021-SPT 4328000 709250 39 04 40 -96 34 52 410 11 NW
3129-SPT 4327822 710820 39 04 33 -96 33 47 431 14 E
3221-SPT 4327682 709112 39 04 30 -96 34 58 410
3317-SPT 4327395 708485 39 04 22 -96 35 24 427 15 W
3409-SPT 4327244 706850 39 04 18 -96 36 32 420 12 E
3414-SPT 4327286 707854 39 04 19 -96 35 51 410
3479-SPT 4327134 720890 39 04 02 -96 26 49 420
3921-SPT 4326116 709185 39 03 39 -96 34 57 415
4139-SPT 4325850 712780 39 03 28 -96 32 27 385 3 W
4268-SPT 4325630 718500 39 03 16 -96 28 30 420 1 TOP
4439-SPT 4325193 712773 39 03 06 -96 32 28 443 2 N
4509-SPT 4324960 706850 39 03 04 -96 36 35 390 3 SE
4609-SPT 4324890 706705 39 03 02 -96 36 41 390
5926-SPT 4322227 710270 39 01 32 -96 34 16 370
6221-SPT 4321583 709247 39 01 12 -96 34 59 410
6340-SPT 4321500 713000 39 01 07 -96 32 23 410 4 SW
6469-SPT 4321189 718752 39 00 51 -96 28 25 440 3 NE
6735-SPT 4320652 712073 39 00 40 -96 33 03 385 1 BOTTOM
6833-SPT 4320346 711660 39 00 30 -96 33 20 410
6912-SPT 4320111 707336 39 00 26 -96 36 20 397 2 N
6943-SPT 4320147 713500 39 00 22 -96 32 04 415
8739-SPT 4316699 712845 38 58 31 -96 32 35 442 1 TOP
Not available.
The multispectral data have a nadir IFOV of 20 m. The panchromatic data have a nadir IFOV of 10 m.
Not available.
Not available.
FIFE SPOT HRV image acquisition used for extract products covers the period from March 20, 1987 through August 9, 1989. There are no data for December 1987 - March 1988, and from November 1988 - May 1989.
Not available.
The SPOT satellite orbit and pointable sensors make it possible to acquire images as little as one day apart. During the FIFE IFCs, an attempt was made to obtain as many cloud free images as possible. In addition, monitoring data were obtained at least monthly through the growing season of all 3 years of FIFE. Extracts are available about once every 10 days to two weeks during the overall coverage given above.
The SQL definition for this table is found in the SAT_SPOT.TDF file located on FIFE CD-ROM Volume 1.
Parameter/Variable Name
Parameter/Variable Description Range Units Source
SITEGRID_ID This is a FIS grid location code. Site grid codes (SSEE-III) give the south (SS) and the east (EE) cell number in a 100 x 100 array of 200 m square cells. The last 3 characters (III) are an instrument identifier.
STATION_ID The station ID designating the location of the observations.
OBS_DATE The date (expressed as DD-MMM-YY), on which the image data was recorded.
OBS_TIME The time (GMT) when the data at the center of the level-1 image were collected.
IMAGE_ID The FIS image identification code for the level-1 satellite image from which the site statistics were derived.
PLATFORM The satellite platform on which the data collecting instrument is mounted.
INSTR_ID The instrument which collected the image data.
NUM_OBS The number of observations (pixels) found within the site coordinate boundaries and used in the statistics calculations.
MIN_LAT The minimum latitude of all the pixels extracted from the level-1 image and used to derive the site statistics (expressed as DD MM SS.SS).
MAX_LAT The maximum latitude of all the pixels extracted from the level-1 image and used to derive the site statistics (expressed as DD MM SS.SS).
MIN_LON The minimum longitude of all the pixels extracted from the level-1 image and used to derive the site statistics (expressed as DDD MM SS.SS).
MAX_LON The maximum longitude of all the pixels extracted from the level-1 image and used to derive the site statistics (expressed as DDD MM SS.SS).
VIEW_ZEN_ANG The view zenith at the center of [degrees] the site.
VIEW_AZIM_ANG The view azimuth at the center of [degrees the site (North = 0, East = from North] 90, South = 180, West = 270).
SOLAR_ZEN_ANG The solar zenith at the center of [degrees] the site.
SOLAR_AZIM_ANG The solar azimuth at the center [degrees of the site (North = 0, East from North] = 90, South = 180, West = 270).
BAND1_AVG_RADNC $$ The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 1 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND1_SDEV_RADNC *, $$ The standard deviation of the [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 1 of the designated sensor.
BAND2_AVG_RADNC $$ The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 2 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND2_SDEV_RADNC *, $$ The standard deviation of the [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 2 of the designated sensor.
BAND3_AVG_RADNC $$ The average radiance over the [Watts] site for band 3 of the designated [meter^-2] sensor.
BAND3_SDEV_RADNC *, $$ The standard deviation of the [Watts] radiance values over the site for [meter^-2] band 3 of the designated sensor.
BAND1_AVG_REFL $$ The average reflectance over the [percent] site for band 1 of the designated sensor.
BAND2_AVG_REFL $$ The average reflectance over the [percent] site for band 2 of the designated sensor.
BAND1_EXOATMOSIC_REFL $$ The at-satellite reflectance for [percent] band 1 of the sensor, calculated as observed reflected radiance divided by the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
BAND2_EXOATMOSIC_REFL $$ The at-satellite reflectance for [percent] band 2 of the sensor, calculated as observed reflected radiance divided by the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
BAND3_EXOATMOSIC_REFL $$ The at-satellite reflectance for [percent] band 3 of the sensor, calculated as observed reflected radiance divided by the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
FIFE_DATA_CRTFCN_CODE The FIFE Certification Code for ** the data, in the following format: CPI (Certified by PI), CPI-??? (CPI - questionable data).
LAST_REVISION_DATE data, in the format (DD-mmm-YY).
Footnotes:
$$ When the IMAGE_ID begins with "SX", Bands 1, 2, and 3 are used for multispectral data. When the IMAGE_ID begins with "SP", only Band 1 has data. Bands 2 and 3 are null.
* The missing value indicator is -99.
** Valid levels
The primary certification codes are: EXM Example or Test data (not for release) PRE Preliminary (unchecked, use at your own risk) CPI Checked by Principal Investigator (reviewed for quality) CGR Checked by a group and reconciled (data comparisons and cross checks)
The certification code modifiers are: PRE-NFP Preliminary - Not for publication, at the request of investigator. CPI-MRG PAMS data which is "merged" from two separate receiving stations to eliminate transmission errors. CPI-??? Investigator thinks data item may be questionable.
SITEGRID_ID STATION_ID OBS_DATE OBS_TIME IMAGE_ID PLATFORM
----------- ---------- --------- -------- ----------- --------
4509-SPT 817 08-JUN-89 1729 SX043-1 SPOT1
4609-SPT 22 08-JUN-89 1729 SX043-1 SPOT1
5926-SPT 15 08-JUN-89 1729 SX043-1 SPOT1
8739-SPT 26 08-JUN-89 1729 SX043-1 SPOT1
INSTR_ID NUM_OBS MIN_LAT MAX_LAT MIN_LON
--------- ------- ------------ ------------ --------------
HRV1 4 39 03 04.45 39 03 05.22 -96 36 36.00
HRV1 5 39 03 01.44 39 03 02.34 -96 36 38.75
HRV1 6 39 01 31.75 39 01 33.14 -96 34 11.59
HRV1 5 38 58 20.09 38 58 21.50 -96 32 26.75
MAX_LON VIEW_ZEN_ANG VIEW_AZIM_ANG SOLAR_ZEN_ANG SOLAR_AZIM_ANG
------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- --------------
-96 36 34.97 8.6 281.9 20.1 139.7
-96 36 37.13 8.6 281.9 20.1 139.7
-96 34 10.31 8.9 281.9 20.1 139.7
-96 32 25.72 9.3 281.9 20.0 139.7
BAND1_AVG_RADNC BAND1_SDEV_RADNC BAND2_AVG_RADNC BAND2_SDEV_RADNC
--------------- ---------------- --------------- ----------------
65.342 .4888 53.139 .5235
65.782 1.0726 53.610 .8757
62.813 1.4409 53.401 1.7521
54.035 .8189 38.742 1.0472
BAND3_AVG_RADNC BAND3_SDEV_RADNC BAND1_AVG_REFL BAND2_AVG_REFL
--------------- ---------------- -------------- --------------
69.893 1.1007 9.4 10.4
74.846 .7778 9.5 10.5
58.520 1.8957 8.9 10.5
71.544 1.3476 6.9 6.8
BAND1_EXOATMOSIC_REFL BAND2_EXOATMOSIC_REFL BAND3_EXOATMOSIC_REFL
--------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
11.9 11.2 22.2
12.0 11.3 23.8
11.5 11.3 18.6
9.9 8.2 22.7
FIFE_DATA_CERTFN_CODE LAST_REVISION_DATE
--------------------- ------------------
CPI 09-JAN-91
CPI 09-JAN-91
CPI 09-JAN-91
CPI 09-JAN-91
The data were extracted from the images at 40 different locations scattered throughout the FIFE study area. The multispectral data have a nadir IFOV of 20 m. The panchromatic data have a nadir IFOV of 10 m.
A general description of data granularity as it applies to the IMS appears in the EOSDIS Glossary.
The CD-ROM file format consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe. There are no spaces between the fields. Each file begins with five header records. Header records contain the following information: Record 1 Name of this file, its table name, number of records in this file, path and name of the document that describes the data in this file, and name of principal investigator for these data. Record 2 Path and filename of the previous data set, and path and filename of the next data set. (Path and filenames for files that contain another set of data taken at the same site on the same day.) Record 3 Path and filename of the previous site, and path and filename of the next site. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken on the same day for the previous and next sites (sequentially numbered by SITEGRID_ID)). Record 4 Path and filename of the previous date, and path and filename of the next date. (Path and filenames for files of the same data set taken at the same site for the previous and next date.) Record 5 Column names for the data within the file, delimited by commas. Record 6 Data records begin.
Each field represents one of the attributes listed in the chart in the Data Characteristics Section and described in detail in the TDF file. These fields are in the same order as in the chart.
The procedure used to calculate SPOT atmospherically corrected reflectance was developed at GSFC as part of the FIFE staff science effort. The images were calculated from FIFE level-1 data and the reflectance and atmospheric correction calculations were performed using data and information available in the FIFE data collection.
Sensor calibrated radiances for the SPOT HRV images were converted to surface reflectance using the following procedures and information available in the FIFE satellite extracts coefficients data set.
The radiance values for the respective bands were calculated as follows:
where:
a) OFFSET Determination
The offset variable values used were those supplied on the data tapes from SPOT Image Corporation. These values to date on all tapes acquired for FIFE, have been equal to 0.0 (zero).
b) GAIN Determination
The gain variable values used are calculated from the gain settings supplied on the data tape, a set of absolute calibration coefficients obtained from SPOT Image Corporation, and the following equation:
where:
The following table contains the values for CC(i) for several dates since launch (February 1986) for the SPOT 1 satellite. CC(i) values for images acquired between these dates are linearly interpolated from this table.
HRV1 HRV2
DATE PAN XS1 XS2 XS3 PAN XS1 XS2 XS3
--------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----
24-FEB-86 0.604 0.558 0.422 0.629 0.604 0.568 0.463 0.644
20-MAR-86 0.605 0.550 0.405 0.608 0.605 0.560 0.445 0.623
20-JUN-86 0.598 0.536 0.388 0.589 0.598 0.541 0.428 0.606
20-MAR-87 0.592 0.510 0.363 0.563 0.582 0.512 0.407 0.586
20-SEP-87 0.583 0.496 0.353 0.554 0.574 0.498 0.400 0.580
15-MAR-88 0.577 0.485 0.344 0.547 0.567 0.484 0.392 0.574
20-AUG-88 0.572 0.479 0.342 0.544 0.563 0.480 0.389 0.572
20-DEC-88 0.568 0.473 0.338 0.541 0.558 0.473 0.385 0.569
20-APR-89 0.564 0.466 0.335 0.538 0.553 0.468 0.381 0.567
20-AUG-89 0.561 0.461 0.332 0.536 0.549 0.462 0.378 0.566
20-DEC-89 0.556 0.454 0.329 0.534 0.543 0.454 0.375 0.566
where (an apostrophe indicates a subscript):
HRV1 HRV2 PAN
Band1 1884.0 1873.0 1689.0 [Watt][m^-2][um^-1]
Band2 1635.0 1590.0 -
Band3 1084.0 1039.0 -
where:
The final site radiances and reflectances are averaged over the site and the mean and standard deviation for each channel is reported.
FIFE staff creates the average instrument corrected spectral radiance data by :
FIFE staff creates the reflectance data by :
HRV1 HRV2 PAN
Water Other Water Other Water Other
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Band1 0.00740 0.02526 0.00451 0.02732 0.01610 0.02738
Band2 0.01319 0.02881 0.01720 0.02456 - -
Band3 0.04908 0.00849 0.05362 0.00127 - -
None.
None.
None.
Errors could arise in the acquired imagery due to location accuracy, distortion of lengths, anisomorphism, the instrument's local coherence, the ability to register multispectral data, and relief plotting accuracy. Other errors could arise from inherent radiometric imperfections of the sensors. Spectral errors arise due to image wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk, spikes, response normalization due to change in gain.
Whatever the processing level, the geometric quality of the image depends on, a) the accuracy of the viewing geometry, and b) the ground control points as required to adjust the viewing model. Errors arise from the processing of the data to level-1A due to calibration inaccuracies (gains and offsets/drift of sensor characteristics/optical degradation), and resampling/positioning in geometric corrections.
The FIFE staff was responsible for screening imagery for quality, applying radiometric corrections, computing geometric corrections corresponding to the required map projection, applying geometric corrections, and screening for cloud cover on imagery during processing.
The precision of satellite remote sensing estimates of surface reflectance (Hall et al., 1992), calibrated and corrected for atmospheric effects, was no worse than about 1 percent absolute. The errors may actually be smaller, but an upper bound of 1 percent results from sampling variance caused by differences among the satellite and ground sensors in spatial resolution, atmospheric effects, and calibration.
The magnitude of the errors described in the Sources of Error Section is unknown.
FIS staff applied a general Quality Assessment (QA) procedure to the data to identify inconsistencies and problems for potential users. As a general procedure, the FIS QA consisted of examining the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for each numerical field in the data table. An attempt was made to find an explanation for unexpected high or low values, values outside of the normal physical range for a variable, or standard deviations that appeared inconsistent with the mean. In some cases, histograms were examined to determine whether outliers were consistent with the shape of the data distribution.
The discrepancies, which were identified, are reported as problems in the Known Problems with the Data Section.
The data verification performed by the ORNL DAAC deals with the quality of the data format, media, and readability. The ORNL DAAC does not make an assessment of the quality of the data itself except during the course of performing other QA procedures as described below.
The FIFE data were transferred to the ORNL DAAC via CD-ROM. These CD-ROMs are distributed by the ORNL DAAC unmodified as a set or in individual volumes, as requested. In addition, the DAAC has incorporated each of the 98 FIFE tabular datasets from the CD-ROMs into its online data holdings. Incorporation of these data involved the following steps:
Each distinct type of data (i.e. "data set" on the CD-ROM), is accompanied by a documentation file (i.e., .doc file) and a data format/structure definition file (i.e., .tdf file). The data format files on the CD-ROM are Oracle SQL commands (e.g., "create table") that can be used to set up a relational database table structure. This file provides column/variable names, character/numeric type, length, and format, and labels/comments. These SQL commands were converted to SAS code and were used to create SAS data sets and subsequently to input data files directly from the CD-ROM into a SAS dataset. During this process, file names and directory paths were captured and metadata was extracted to the extent possible electronically. No files were found to be corrupted or unreadable during the conversion process.
Additional Quality Assurance procedures were performed as follows:
As errors are discovered in the online tabular data by investigators, users, or DAAC staff, corrections are made in cooperation with the principal investigators. These corrections are then distributed to users. CD-ROM data are corrected when re-mastering occurs for replenishment of CD-ROM stock.
Not available.
Number Maximum
Band Parameter of Threshold Value
Values Encountered
----- --------------- ------ ---------- -----------
BAND1 AVG_REFL 24 20
BAND1 AVG_RADNC 28 100 MAX 280
BAND1 EXOATMOSIC_REFL 25 20 MAX 50+
BAND2 AVG_REFL 21 20
BAND2 AVG_RADNC 20 90 MAX 239
BAND2 EXOATMOSIC_REFL 15 25 MAX 50+
BAND3 AVG_REFL 14 50
BAND3 AVG_RADNC 5 150 MAX 185
BAND3 EXOATMOSIC_REFL 5 50
BAND4 AVG_REFL 1 12
Only a few of the SPOT images caused the majority of the spikes noted above. Those images are listed below and of those, three (marked with an '&' below) are associated with the highest spikes.
IMAGE_ID OBS_DATE
---------- ---------
SX006-1 & 01-JUN-87
SX009-1 & 11-JUN-87
SX012-1 18-JUL-87
SX013-1 18-JUL-87
SX014-1 23-JUL-87
SX029-1 13-APR-88
SX033-1 & 05-JUL-88
The SPOT extract data collected for FIFE may be useful for establishing relationships with biophysical and geophysical variables on the Earth's surface, and for comparison with other prairie landscapes.
None.
The Site Reflectances Extracted from SPOT HRV Imagery Data Set may be useful for establishing relationships with biophysical and geophysical variables on the Earth's surface, and for comparison with other prairie landscapes.
The FIFE field campaigns were held in 1987 and 1989 and there are no plans for new data collection. Field work continues near the FIFE site at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Konza research site (i.e., LTER continues to monitor the site). The FIFE investigators are continuing to analyze and model the data from the field campaigns to produce new data products.
Software to access the data set is available on the all volumes of the FIFE CD-ROM set. For a detailed description of the available software see the Software Description Document.
ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USA
Telephone: (865) 241-3952
FAX: (865) 574-4665
Email: ornldaac@ornl.gov
\DATA\SAT_OBS\Yyyyy\ydddFIFE.SPT
Where yyyy are the four digits of the year (e.g., 1987). Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that change for each path and file.
The format used for the filenames is: ydddFIFE.sfx, y is the last digit of the year (e.g., 7 = 1987, and 9 = 1989), and ddd is the day of the year (061 = sixty-first day of the year). The filename extension (.sfx), identifies the data set content for the file (see the Data Characteristics Section) and is equal to .SPT for this data set.
Kneizys, F.X., E.P. Shettle, W.O. Gallery, J.H. Chetwynd, L.W. Abreu, J.E.A. Selby, S.A. Clough, and R.W. Fenn. 1988. Atmospheric transmittance/radiance: computer code LOWTRAN-7, AFGL-TR-88-0177. Air Force Geophysics Lab. Hanscomb AFB, Massachusetts.
Newcomer, J.A., S.J. Goetz, D.E. Strebel, and F.G. Hall. 1989. Image processing software for providing radiometric inputs to land surface climatology models. IGARSS '89, 12th Can. Symp. on Remote Sensing. pp. 1779-1782.
Asrar, G., R Murphy, F. Hall, and P Sellers. 1991. Use of multitemporal SPOT data in First ISLSCP Field Experiment. Proc. 5th Intl. Colloquium. Courchevel, France. 14-18 January.
Boissin, B., and J. Perbos. 1985. SPOT image quality and post launch assessment. Advanced Space Res. 5:51-60.
Carper, J.W., T.M. Lillesand, and R.W. Kiefer. 1990. The use of intensity-hue-saturation transformations for merging SPOT panchromatic and multispectral image data. Photogr. Engr. and Rem. Sen. 56:459-467.
Chavez, P.S.,Jr., and J.A. Bowell. 1988. Comparison of the spectral information content of Landsat Thematic Mapper and SPOT for three different sites in the Phoenix, Arizona, Region. Photogr. Engr. and Rem. Sen. 54:1699-1708.
Chevrel, M., M. Courtois, and G. Weill. 1981. The SPOT satellite remote sensing mission. Photogr. Engr. and Rem. Sens. 47:1163-1171.
Fraser, R. S., R. A. Ferrare, Y. J. Kaufman, and S. Mattoo. 1989. Algorithm for atmospheric corrections of aircraft and satellite imagery. NASA Technical Memorandum 100751. 106p.
Hall, F.G., D.E. Strebel, J.E. Nickeson, and S.J. Goetz. 1991. Radiometric Rectification: Toward a Common Radiometric Response Among Multidate, Multisensor Images. Remote Sens. Environ. 35:11-27.
Hall, F.G., K.F. Huemmrich, S.J. Goetz, P.J. Sellers, and J.E. Nickeson. 1992. Satellite remote sensing of surface energy balance: success, failures, and unresolved issues in FIFE. J. Geophys. Res. 97:19061-19089.
Markham, B.L., and J.L. Baker. 1986. Landsat MSS and TM post-calibration dynamic ranges, exoatmospheric reflectances and at-satellite temperatures. EOSAT Landsat Tech. Notes 1:3-7. Lanham, Maryland.
Welch, R., and M. Ehlers. 1987. Merging multiresolution SPOT HRV and Landsat TM data. Photogr. Engr. and Rem. Sen. 53:301-305.
A general list of acronyms for the DAAC is available at Acronyms.
April 26, 1994 (citation revised on October 14, 2002).
This document has been reviewed by the FIFE Information Scientist to eliminate technical and editorial inaccuracies. Previous versions of this document have been reviewed by the Principal Investigator, the person who transmitted the data to FIS, a FIS staff member, or a FIFE scientist generally familiar with the data. It is believed that the document accurately describes the data as collected and as archived on the FIFE CD-ROM series.
September 4, 1996.
ORNL-FIFE_SAT_SPOT.
Newcomer, J. A. 1994. Satellite SPOT Extracted Data (FIFE). Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/79. Also published in D. E. Strebel, D. R. Landis, K. F. Huemmrich, and B. W. Meeson (eds.), Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, Vol. 1: Surface Observations and Non-Image Data Sets. CD-ROM. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A. (available from http://www.daac.ornl.gov).